Accelerated degeneration of disc space/facets at level(s) adjacent to surgical fusion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Steinberger J et al: Cervical disc replacement. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 31(1):73-9, 2020
Joaquim AF et al: Multilevel cervical arthroplasty: current evidence. A systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 42(2):E4, 2017
Pan A et al: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion compared with motion-preservation procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 25(5):1522-32, 2016
Celestre PC et al: Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(2):172-6, 2014
Murtagh R et al: Motion preservation surgery in the spine. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):287-94, 2014
Nunley PD et al: Factors affecting the incidence of symptomatic adjacent level disease in cervical spine after total disc arthroplasty: 2-4 years follow-up of 3 prospective randomized trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(6):445-51, 2012
Schoenfeld AJ: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion: risk factors and implications for clinical practice. Spine J. 11(1):21-3, 2011
Ekman P et al: A prospective randomised study on the long-term effect of lumbar fusion on adjacent disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 18(8):1175-86, 2009
Lee CS et al: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18(11):1637-43, 2009
Hadjipavlou AG et al: The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90(10):1261-70, 2008
Gertzbein SD et al: Disc herniation after lumbar fusion. Spine. 27(16):E373-6, 2002
Iseda T et al: Serial changes in signal intensities of the adjacent discs on T2-weighted sagittal images after surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: anterior interbody fusion versus expansive laminoplasty. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(7):707-10, 2001
Eck JC et al: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies. Am J Orthop. 28(6):336-40, 1999
Balderston RA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of lumbar disc changes below scoliosis fusions. A prospective study. Spine. 23(1):54-8; discussion 59, 1998
Hambly MF et al: The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine. 23(16):1785-92, 1998
Chow DH et al: Effects of short anterior lumbar interbody fusion on biomechanics of neighboring unfused segments. Spine. 21(5):549-55, 1996
Wu W et al: Degenerative changes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion evaluated by fast spin-echo MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 37(5):614-7, 1996
Penta M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of disc degeneration 10 years after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 20(6):743-7, 1995
Kim YE et al: Effect of disc degeneration at one level on the adjacent level in axial mode. Spine. 16(3):331-5, 1991
Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine. 13(3):375-7, 1988
Accelerated degeneration of disc space/facets at level(s) adjacent to surgical fusion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Steinberger J et al: Cervical disc replacement. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 31(1):73-9, 2020
Joaquim AF et al: Multilevel cervical arthroplasty: current evidence. A systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 42(2):E4, 2017
Pan A et al: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion compared with motion-preservation procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 25(5):1522-32, 2016
Celestre PC et al: Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(2):172-6, 2014
Murtagh R et al: Motion preservation surgery in the spine. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):287-94, 2014
Nunley PD et al: Factors affecting the incidence of symptomatic adjacent level disease in cervical spine after total disc arthroplasty: 2-4 years follow-up of 3 prospective randomized trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(6):445-51, 2012
Schoenfeld AJ: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion: risk factors and implications for clinical practice. Spine J. 11(1):21-3, 2011
Ekman P et al: A prospective randomised study on the long-term effect of lumbar fusion on adjacent disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 18(8):1175-86, 2009
Lee CS et al: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18(11):1637-43, 2009
Hadjipavlou AG et al: The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90(10):1261-70, 2008
Gertzbein SD et al: Disc herniation after lumbar fusion. Spine. 27(16):E373-6, 2002
Iseda T et al: Serial changes in signal intensities of the adjacent discs on T2-weighted sagittal images after surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: anterior interbody fusion versus expansive laminoplasty. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(7):707-10, 2001
Eck JC et al: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies. Am J Orthop. 28(6):336-40, 1999
Balderston RA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of lumbar disc changes below scoliosis fusions. A prospective study. Spine. 23(1):54-8; discussion 59, 1998
Hambly MF et al: The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine. 23(16):1785-92, 1998
Chow DH et al: Effects of short anterior lumbar interbody fusion on biomechanics of neighboring unfused segments. Spine. 21(5):549-55, 1996
Wu W et al: Degenerative changes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion evaluated by fast spin-echo MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 37(5):614-7, 1996
Penta M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of disc degeneration 10 years after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 20(6):743-7, 1995
Kim YE et al: Effect of disc degeneration at one level on the adjacent level in axial mode. Spine. 16(3):331-5, 1991
Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine. 13(3):375-7, 1988
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