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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Spinal transitional degenerative syndrome, accelerated segmental degeneration
- Adjacent segment degeneration
Definitions
- Accelerated degeneration of disc space/facets at level(s) adjacent to surgical fusion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Steinberger J et al: Cervical disc replacement. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 31(1):73-9, 2020
- Joaquim AF et al: Multilevel cervical arthroplasty: current evidence. A systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 42(2):E4, 2017
- Pan A et al: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion compared with motion-preservation procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 25(5):1522-32, 2016
- Celestre PC et al: Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(2):172-6, 2014
- Murtagh R et al: Motion preservation surgery in the spine. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):287-94, 2014
- Nunley PD et al: Factors affecting the incidence of symptomatic adjacent level disease in cervical spine after total disc arthroplasty: 2-4 years follow-up of 3 prospective randomized trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(6):445-51, 2012
- Schoenfeld AJ: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion: risk factors and implications for clinical practice. Spine J. 11(1):21-3, 2011
- Ekman P et al: A prospective randomised study on the long-term effect of lumbar fusion on adjacent disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 18(8):1175-86, 2009
- Lee CS et al: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18(11):1637-43, 2009
- Hadjipavlou AG et al: The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90(10):1261-70, 2008
- Gertzbein SD et al: Disc herniation after lumbar fusion. Spine. 27(16):E373-6, 2002
- Iseda T et al: Serial changes in signal intensities of the adjacent discs on T2-weighted sagittal images after surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: anterior interbody fusion versus expansive laminoplasty. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(7):707-10, 2001
- Eck JC et al: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies. Am J Orthop. 28(6):336-40, 1999
- Balderston RA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of lumbar disc changes below scoliosis fusions. A prospective study. Spine. 23(1):54-8; discussion 59, 1998
- Hambly MF et al: The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine. 23(16):1785-92, 1998
- Chow DH et al: Effects of short anterior lumbar interbody fusion on biomechanics of neighboring unfused segments. Spine. 21(5):549-55, 1996
- Wu W et al: Degenerative changes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion evaluated by fast spin-echo MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 37(5):614-7, 1996
- Penta M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of disc degeneration 10 years after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 20(6):743-7, 1995
- Kim YE et al: Effect of disc degeneration at one level on the adjacent level in axial mode. Spine. 16(3):331-5, 1991
- Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine. 13(3):375-7, 1988
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Spinal transitional degenerative syndrome, accelerated segmental degeneration
- Adjacent segment degeneration
Definitions
- Accelerated degeneration of disc space/facets at level(s) adjacent to surgical fusion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Steinberger J et al: Cervical disc replacement. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 31(1):73-9, 2020
- Joaquim AF et al: Multilevel cervical arthroplasty: current evidence. A systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 42(2):E4, 2017
- Pan A et al: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion compared with motion-preservation procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 25(5):1522-32, 2016
- Celestre PC et al: Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(2):172-6, 2014
- Murtagh R et al: Motion preservation surgery in the spine. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):287-94, 2014
- Nunley PD et al: Factors affecting the incidence of symptomatic adjacent level disease in cervical spine after total disc arthroplasty: 2-4 years follow-up of 3 prospective randomized trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(6):445-51, 2012
- Schoenfeld AJ: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion: risk factors and implications for clinical practice. Spine J. 11(1):21-3, 2011
- Ekman P et al: A prospective randomised study on the long-term effect of lumbar fusion on adjacent disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 18(8):1175-86, 2009
- Lee CS et al: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18(11):1637-43, 2009
- Hadjipavlou AG et al: The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90(10):1261-70, 2008
- Gertzbein SD et al: Disc herniation after lumbar fusion. Spine. 27(16):E373-6, 2002
- Iseda T et al: Serial changes in signal intensities of the adjacent discs on T2-weighted sagittal images after surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: anterior interbody fusion versus expansive laminoplasty. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(7):707-10, 2001
- Eck JC et al: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies. Am J Orthop. 28(6):336-40, 1999
- Balderston RA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of lumbar disc changes below scoliosis fusions. A prospective study. Spine. 23(1):54-8; discussion 59, 1998
- Hambly MF et al: The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine. 23(16):1785-92, 1998
- Chow DH et al: Effects of short anterior lumbar interbody fusion on biomechanics of neighboring unfused segments. Spine. 21(5):549-55, 1996
- Wu W et al: Degenerative changes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion evaluated by fast spin-echo MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 37(5):614-7, 1996
- Penta M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of disc degeneration 10 years after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 20(6):743-7, 1995
- Kim YE et al: Effect of disc degeneration at one level on the adjacent level in axial mode. Spine. 16(3):331-5, 1991
- Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine. 13(3):375-7, 1988
