Kushare I et al: High Incidence of Intra-articular Injuries With Segond Fractures of the tibia in the pediatric and adolescent population. J Pediatr Orthop. 41(8):514-9, 2021
Adams AJ et al: Pediatric type II tibial spine fractures: addressing the treatment controversy with a mixed-effects model. Orthop J Sports Med. 7(8):2325967119866162, 2019
Dingel A et al: Pediatric ACL tears: natural history. J Pediatr Orthop. 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1):S47-9, 2019
Green D et al: A new, MRI-based classification system for tibial spine fractures changes clinical treatment recommendations when compared to Myers and Mckeever. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 27(1):86-92, 2019
Beck NA et al: ACL tears in school-aged children and adolescents over 20 years. Pediatrics. 139(3), 2017
Zabierek S et al: Femoral avulsion fracture of ACL proximal attachment in male scuba diver: case report and review of the literature. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 25(4):1328-30, 2017
Dunn KL et al: Early operative versus delayed or nonoperative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in pediatric patients. J Athl Train. 51(5):425-7, 2016
Zbojniewicz AM et al: Post-operative imaging of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques across the spectrum of skeletal maturity. Skeletal Radiol. 45(4):517-30, 2016
Grimberg A et al: Deep lateral notch sign and double notch sign in complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: MR imaging evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 44(3):385-91, 2015
Murali J et al: Congenital absence of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 44(8):E283-5, 2015
Kosaka M et al: Oblique coronal and oblique sagittal MRI for diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament tears and evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament remnant tissue. Knee. 21(1):54-7, 2014
Merrow AC et al: Avulsion fractures of the pediatric knee. Pediatr Radiol. 44(11):1436-45; quiz 1433-6, 2014
Ng AW et al: MRI diagnosis of ACL bundle tears: value of oblique axial imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 42(2):209-17, 2013
Berruto M et al: Congenital absence of the cruciate ligaments. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 20(8):1622-5, 2012
Lykissas MG et al: All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients: a surgical technique using a split tibial tunnel. Arthrosc Tech. 1(1):e133-9, 2012
Meyers AB et al: Stump entrapment of the anterior cruciate ligament in late childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Radiol. 41(8):1040-6, 2011
Milewski MD et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young athlete: a treatment algorithm for the skeletally immature. Clin Sports Med. 30(4):801-10, 2011
Samora WP 3rd et al: Meniscal pathology associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament tears in patients with open physes. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(3):272-6, 2011
Su WR et al: A simple, modified arthroscopic suture fixation of avulsion fracture of the tibial intercondylar eminence in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 20(1):17-21, 2011
Van Dyck P et al: Three tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: can we differentiate complete from partial tears? Skeletal Radiol. 40(6):701-7, 2011
Yoo WJ et al: Growth plate disturbance after transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature adolescent patients: an MR imaging study. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(6):691-6, 2011
Finlayson CJ et al: Current concepts of diagnosis and management of ACL injuries in skeletally immature athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 38(2):90-101, 2010
Meyers AB et al: Imaging of anterior cruciate ligament repair and its complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(2):476-84, 2010
Laundre BJ et al: MRI accuracy for tears of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury and the clinical relevance of missed tears. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(2):515-23, 2009
Duc SR et al: Internal knee derangement assessed with 3-minute three-dimensional isovoxel true FISP MR sequence: preliminary study. Radiology. 246(2):526-35, 2008
Park LS et al: Posterior horn lateral meniscal tears simulating meniscofemoral ligament attachment in the setting of ACL tear: MRI findings. Skeletal Radiol. 36(5):399-403, 2007
Strub WM: The arcuate sign. Radiology. 244(2):620-1, 2007
Brody JM et al: Lateral meniscus root tear and meniscus extrusion with anterior cruciate ligament tear. Radiology. 239(3):805-10, 2006
Prince JS et al: MRI of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and associated findings in the pediatric knee: changes with skeletal maturation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(3):756-62, 2005
Accousti WK et al: Tibial eminence fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 34(3):365-75, 2003
Hall FM: Radiographic features of anterior cruciate ligament tear. Radiology. 222(2):576, 2002
Campos JC et al: Pathogenesis of the Segond fracture: anatomic and MR imaging evidence of an iliotibial tract or anterior oblique band avulsion. Radiology. 219(2):381-6, 2001
Pao DG: The lateral femoral notch sign. Radiology. 219(3):800-1, 2001
Sanders TG et al: Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 20 Spec No:S135-51, 2000
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Definitions
ACL has anteromedial & posterolateral bundles
ACL tears can be complete or partial
Partial tears may involve single bundle
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Kushare I et al: High Incidence of Intra-articular Injuries With Segond Fractures of the tibia in the pediatric and adolescent population. J Pediatr Orthop. 41(8):514-9, 2021
Adams AJ et al: Pediatric type II tibial spine fractures: addressing the treatment controversy with a mixed-effects model. Orthop J Sports Med. 7(8):2325967119866162, 2019
Dingel A et al: Pediatric ACL tears: natural history. J Pediatr Orthop. 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1):S47-9, 2019
Green D et al: A new, MRI-based classification system for tibial spine fractures changes clinical treatment recommendations when compared to Myers and Mckeever. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 27(1):86-92, 2019
Beck NA et al: ACL tears in school-aged children and adolescents over 20 years. Pediatrics. 139(3), 2017
Zabierek S et al: Femoral avulsion fracture of ACL proximal attachment in male scuba diver: case report and review of the literature. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 25(4):1328-30, 2017
Dunn KL et al: Early operative versus delayed or nonoperative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in pediatric patients. J Athl Train. 51(5):425-7, 2016
Zbojniewicz AM et al: Post-operative imaging of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques across the spectrum of skeletal maturity. Skeletal Radiol. 45(4):517-30, 2016
Grimberg A et al: Deep lateral notch sign and double notch sign in complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: MR imaging evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 44(3):385-91, 2015
Murali J et al: Congenital absence of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 44(8):E283-5, 2015
Kosaka M et al: Oblique coronal and oblique sagittal MRI for diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament tears and evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament remnant tissue. Knee. 21(1):54-7, 2014
Merrow AC et al: Avulsion fractures of the pediatric knee. Pediatr Radiol. 44(11):1436-45; quiz 1433-6, 2014
Ng AW et al: MRI diagnosis of ACL bundle tears: value of oblique axial imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 42(2):209-17, 2013
Berruto M et al: Congenital absence of the cruciate ligaments. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 20(8):1622-5, 2012
Lykissas MG et al: All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients: a surgical technique using a split tibial tunnel. Arthrosc Tech. 1(1):e133-9, 2012
Meyers AB et al: Stump entrapment of the anterior cruciate ligament in late childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Radiol. 41(8):1040-6, 2011
Milewski MD et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young athlete: a treatment algorithm for the skeletally immature. Clin Sports Med. 30(4):801-10, 2011
Samora WP 3rd et al: Meniscal pathology associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament tears in patients with open physes. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(3):272-6, 2011
Su WR et al: A simple, modified arthroscopic suture fixation of avulsion fracture of the tibial intercondylar eminence in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 20(1):17-21, 2011
Van Dyck P et al: Three tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: can we differentiate complete from partial tears? Skeletal Radiol. 40(6):701-7, 2011
Yoo WJ et al: Growth plate disturbance after transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature adolescent patients: an MR imaging study. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(6):691-6, 2011
Finlayson CJ et al: Current concepts of diagnosis and management of ACL injuries in skeletally immature athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 38(2):90-101, 2010
Meyers AB et al: Imaging of anterior cruciate ligament repair and its complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(2):476-84, 2010
Laundre BJ et al: MRI accuracy for tears of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury and the clinical relevance of missed tears. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(2):515-23, 2009
Duc SR et al: Internal knee derangement assessed with 3-minute three-dimensional isovoxel true FISP MR sequence: preliminary study. Radiology. 246(2):526-35, 2008
Park LS et al: Posterior horn lateral meniscal tears simulating meniscofemoral ligament attachment in the setting of ACL tear: MRI findings. Skeletal Radiol. 36(5):399-403, 2007
Strub WM: The arcuate sign. Radiology. 244(2):620-1, 2007
Brody JM et al: Lateral meniscus root tear and meniscus extrusion with anterior cruciate ligament tear. Radiology. 239(3):805-10, 2006
Prince JS et al: MRI of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and associated findings in the pediatric knee: changes with skeletal maturation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(3):756-62, 2005
Accousti WK et al: Tibial eminence fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 34(3):365-75, 2003
Hall FM: Radiographic features of anterior cruciate ligament tear. Radiology. 222(2):576, 2002
Campos JC et al: Pathogenesis of the Segond fracture: anatomic and MR imaging evidence of an iliotibial tract or anterior oblique band avulsion. Radiology. 219(2):381-6, 2001
Pao DG: The lateral femoral notch sign. Radiology. 219(3):800-1, 2001
Sanders TG et al: Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 20 Spec No:S135-51, 2000
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.