Nondevelopmental narrowing of cervical airway below vocal cords
Due to intrinsic pathology or extrinsic process compressing or invading airway
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Aravena C et al: Idiopathic subglottic stenosis: a review. J Thorac Dis. 12(3):1100-11, 2020
Gelbard A et al: Comparative treatment outcomes for patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 146(1):20-9, 2020
Yang MM et al: Subglottic stenosis position affects work of breathing. Laryngoscope. 131(4):E1220-6, 2020
D'Andrilli A et al: Subglottic tracheal stenosis. J Thorac Dis. 8(Suppl 2):S140-7, 2016
Young E et al: Tracheal stenosis following percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy using the single tapered dilator: an MRI study. Anaesth Intensive Care. 42(6):745-51, 2014
Melkane AE et al: Management of postintubation tracheal stenosis: appropriate indications make outcome differences. Respiration. 79(5):395-401, 2010
Herrington HC et al: Modern management of laryngotracheal stenosis. Laryngoscope. 116(9):1553-7, 2006
Sarper A et al: Tracheal stenosis after tracheostomy or intubation: review with special regard to cause and management. Tex Heart Inst J. 32(2):154-8, 2005
Berrocal T et al: Congenital anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree, lung, and mediastinum: embryology, radiology, and pathology. Radiographics. 24(1):e17, 2004
Moorjani N et al: Virtual bronchoscopy and 3D spiral CT reconstructions in the management of kyphosis induced tracheal compression. Thorax. 59(3):272, 2004
Elliott M et al: The management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 67 Suppl 1:S183-92, 2003
Grenier PA et al: Multidetector-row CT of the airways. Semin Roentgenol. 38(2):146-57, 2003
Lorenz RR: Adult laryngotracheal stenosis: etiology and surgical management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 11(6):467-72, 2003
Wood DE et al: Airway stenting for malignant and benign tracheobronchial stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 76(1):167-72; discussion 173-4, 2003
Faust RA et al: Cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of focal tracheomalacia: innominate artery compression syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 65(1):27-33, 2002
Grenier PA et al: New frontiers in CT imaging of airway disease. Eur Radiol. 12(5):1022-44, 2002
Hoppe H et al: Multidetector CT virtual bronchoscopy to grade tracheobronchial stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(5):1195-200, 2002
Lee KH et al: Benign tracheobronchial stenoses: long-term clinical experience with balloon dilation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 13(9 Pt 1):909-14, 2002
Prince JS et al: Nonneoplastic lesions of the tracheobronchial wall: radiologic findings with bronchoscopic correlation. Radiographics. 22 Spec No:S215-30, 2002
Rea F et al: Benign tracheal and laryngotracheal stenosis: surgical treatment and results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 22(3):352-6, 2002
Zagalo C et al: Morphology of trachea in benign human tracheal stenosis: a clinicopathological study of 20 patients undergoing surgery. Surg Radiol Anat. 24(3-4):160-8, 2002
Faust RA et al: Real-time, cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of the pediatric airway. Laryngoscope. 111(12):2187-90, 2001
Gluecker T et al: 2D and 3D CT imaging correlated to rigid endoscopy in complex laryngo-tracheal stenoses. Eur Radiol. 11(1):50-4, 2001
Heussel CP et al: Paired inspiratory/expiratory spiral CT and continuous respiration cine CT in the diagnosis of tracheal instability. Eur Radiol. 11(6):982-9, 2001
Berdon WE: Rings, slings, and other things: vascular compression of the infant trachea updated from the midcentury to the millennium--the legacy of Robert E. Gross, MD, and Edward B. D. Neuhauser, MD. Radiology. 216(3):624-32, 2000
Tsunezuka Y et al: Tracheobronchial involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Respiration. 67(3):320-2, 2000
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Subglottic stenosis
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Definitions
Nondevelopmental narrowing of cervical airway below vocal cords
Due to intrinsic pathology or extrinsic process compressing or invading airway
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Aravena C et al: Idiopathic subglottic stenosis: a review. J Thorac Dis. 12(3):1100-11, 2020
Gelbard A et al: Comparative treatment outcomes for patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 146(1):20-9, 2020
Yang MM et al: Subglottic stenosis position affects work of breathing. Laryngoscope. 131(4):E1220-6, 2020
D'Andrilli A et al: Subglottic tracheal stenosis. J Thorac Dis. 8(Suppl 2):S140-7, 2016
Young E et al: Tracheal stenosis following percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy using the single tapered dilator: an MRI study. Anaesth Intensive Care. 42(6):745-51, 2014
Melkane AE et al: Management of postintubation tracheal stenosis: appropriate indications make outcome differences. Respiration. 79(5):395-401, 2010
Herrington HC et al: Modern management of laryngotracheal stenosis. Laryngoscope. 116(9):1553-7, 2006
Sarper A et al: Tracheal stenosis after tracheostomy or intubation: review with special regard to cause and management. Tex Heart Inst J. 32(2):154-8, 2005
Berrocal T et al: Congenital anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree, lung, and mediastinum: embryology, radiology, and pathology. Radiographics. 24(1):e17, 2004
Moorjani N et al: Virtual bronchoscopy and 3D spiral CT reconstructions in the management of kyphosis induced tracheal compression. Thorax. 59(3):272, 2004
Elliott M et al: The management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 67 Suppl 1:S183-92, 2003
Grenier PA et al: Multidetector-row CT of the airways. Semin Roentgenol. 38(2):146-57, 2003
Lorenz RR: Adult laryngotracheal stenosis: etiology and surgical management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 11(6):467-72, 2003
Wood DE et al: Airway stenting for malignant and benign tracheobronchial stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 76(1):167-72; discussion 173-4, 2003
Faust RA et al: Cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of focal tracheomalacia: innominate artery compression syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 65(1):27-33, 2002
Grenier PA et al: New frontiers in CT imaging of airway disease. Eur Radiol. 12(5):1022-44, 2002
Hoppe H et al: Multidetector CT virtual bronchoscopy to grade tracheobronchial stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(5):1195-200, 2002
Lee KH et al: Benign tracheobronchial stenoses: long-term clinical experience with balloon dilation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 13(9 Pt 1):909-14, 2002
Prince JS et al: Nonneoplastic lesions of the tracheobronchial wall: radiologic findings with bronchoscopic correlation. Radiographics. 22 Spec No:S215-30, 2002
Rea F et al: Benign tracheal and laryngotracheal stenosis: surgical treatment and results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 22(3):352-6, 2002
Zagalo C et al: Morphology of trachea in benign human tracheal stenosis: a clinicopathological study of 20 patients undergoing surgery. Surg Radiol Anat. 24(3-4):160-8, 2002
Faust RA et al: Real-time, cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of the pediatric airway. Laryngoscope. 111(12):2187-90, 2001
Gluecker T et al: 2D and 3D CT imaging correlated to rigid endoscopy in complex laryngo-tracheal stenoses. Eur Radiol. 11(1):50-4, 2001
Heussel CP et al: Paired inspiratory/expiratory spiral CT and continuous respiration cine CT in the diagnosis of tracheal instability. Eur Radiol. 11(6):982-9, 2001
Berdon WE: Rings, slings, and other things: vascular compression of the infant trachea updated from the midcentury to the millennium--the legacy of Robert E. Gross, MD, and Edward B. D. Neuhauser, MD. Radiology. 216(3):624-32, 2000
Tsunezuka Y et al: Tracheobronchial involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Respiration. 67(3):320-2, 2000
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