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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Toxoplasmosis encephalitis (TE)
Definitions
- Opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii
- Most common opportunistic CNS infection in HIV/AIDS
- Opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Safarpour H et al: Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in people living with HIV. AIDS. 34(3):469-74, 2020
- Vidal JE: HIV-Related cerebral toxoplasmosis revisited: current concepts and controversies of an old disease. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 18:2325958219867315, 2019
- Benson JC et al: Imaging features of neurotoxoplasmosis: a multiparametric approach, with emphasis on susceptibility-weighted imaging. Eur J Radiol Open. 5:45-51, 2018
- Marra CM: Central nervous system infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Handb Clin Neurol. 152:117-22, 2018
- Wang ZD et al: Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol. 8:389, 2017
- Basavaraju A: Toxoplasmosis in HIV infection: an overview. Trop Parasitol. 6(2):129-35, 2016
- Gottumukkala RV et al: Imaging of the brain in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 23(5):275-91, 2014
- Ho EL et al: Central nervous system diseases due to opportunistic and coinfections. Semin Neurol. 34(1):61-9, 2014
- Masamed R et al: Cerebral toxoplasmosis: case review and description of a new imaging sign. Clin Radiol. 64(5):560-3, 2009
- Smith AB et al: From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008 Nov-Dec;28(7):2033-58. Review. Erratum in: Radiographics. 29(2):638, 2009
- Batra A et al: Magnetic resonance evaluation of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acta Radiol. 45(2):212-21, 2004
- Pomper MG et al: Quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging of brain lesions in patients with AIDS: correlation with [11C-methyl]thymidine PET and thallium-201 SPECT. Acad Radiol. 9(4):398-409, 2002
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Toxoplasmosis encephalitis (TE)
Definitions
- Opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii
- Most common opportunistic CNS infection in HIV/AIDS
- Opportunistic infection caused by ubiquitous intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Safarpour H et al: Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in people living with HIV. AIDS. 34(3):469-74, 2020
- Vidal JE: HIV-Related cerebral toxoplasmosis revisited: current concepts and controversies of an old disease. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 18:2325958219867315, 2019
- Benson JC et al: Imaging features of neurotoxoplasmosis: a multiparametric approach, with emphasis on susceptibility-weighted imaging. Eur J Radiol Open. 5:45-51, 2018
- Marra CM: Central nervous system infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Handb Clin Neurol. 152:117-22, 2018
- Wang ZD et al: Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol. 8:389, 2017
- Basavaraju A: Toxoplasmosis in HIV infection: an overview. Trop Parasitol. 6(2):129-35, 2016
- Gottumukkala RV et al: Imaging of the brain in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 23(5):275-91, 2014
- Ho EL et al: Central nervous system diseases due to opportunistic and coinfections. Semin Neurol. 34(1):61-9, 2014
- Masamed R et al: Cerebral toxoplasmosis: case review and description of a new imaging sign. Clin Radiol. 64(5):560-3, 2009
- Smith AB et al: From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008 Nov-Dec;28(7):2033-58. Review. Erratum in: Radiographics. 29(2):638, 2009
- Batra A et al: Magnetic resonance evaluation of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acta Radiol. 45(2):212-21, 2004
- Pomper MG et al: Quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging of brain lesions in patients with AIDS: correlation with [11C-methyl]thymidine PET and thallium-201 SPECT. Acad Radiol. 9(4):398-409, 2002
