Acute inflammation of gallbladder (GB) precipitated by obstructing calculus within GB neck or cystic duct
IMAGING
General Features
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Wang A et al: Utility of diffusion-weighted MRI for differentiating acute from chronic cholecystitis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 44(1):89-97, 2016
Katabathina VS et al: Clinical Presentation, imaging, and management of acute cholecystitis. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 18(4):256-65, 2015
Atar E et al: Percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis: complications and late outcome. Clin Radiol. 69(6):e247-52, 2014
Choi IY et al: Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: value of contrast agent in the gallbladder and cystic duct on Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR cholangiography. Clin Imaging. 38(2):174-8, 2014
Seyal AR et al: Cross-sectional imaging of perforated gallbladder. Abdom Imaging. 39(4):853-74, 2014
Yacoub JH et al: Evaluation of the gallbladder and cystic duct patency with gadoxetate disodium enhanced MR cholangiography: prospective comparison of patients with normal gallbladder function and acute cholecystitis. Acta Radiol. 56(7):782-9, 2014
Kaura SH et al: Comparison of CT and MRI findings in the differentiation of acute from chronic cholecystitis. Clin Imaging. 37(4):687-91, 2013
Patel NB et al: Multidetector CT of emergent biliary pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 33(7):1867-88, 2013
Pinto A et al: Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis: review of the literature. Crit Ultrasound J. 5 Suppl 1:S11, 2013
Soyer P et al: Acute cholecystitis: quantitative and qualitative evaluation with 64-section helical CT. Acta Radiol. 54(5):477-86, 2013
Teefey SA et al: Acute cholecystitis: do sonographic findings and WBC count predict gangrenous changes? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(2):363-9, 2013
Fuks D et al: Acute cholecystitis: preoperative CT can help the surgeon consider conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Radiology. 263(1):128-38, 2012
Tonolini M et al: Urgent MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of acute cholecystitis and related complications: diagnostic role and spectrum of imaging findings. Emerg Radiol. 19(4):341-8, 2012
Tavernaraki K et al: Massive intraperitoneal bleeding due to hemorrhagic cholecystitis and gallbladder rupture: CT findings. Abdom Imaging. 36(5):565-8, 2011
Shakespear JS et al: CT findings of acute cholecystitis and its complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(6):1523-9, 2010
Elsayes KM et al: Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus: spectrum of imaging findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 33(1):86-9, 2009
Kim HO et al: Impact of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy after percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for patients with complicated acute cholecystitis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 19(1):20-4, 2009
Smith EA et al: Cross-sectional imaging of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(1):188-96, 2009
Walton TJ et al: Imaging after medically managed severe acute cholecystitis. Gut. 58(3):421, 472, 2009
Ziessman HA: Interventions used with cholescintigraphy for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Semin Nucl Med. 39(3):174-85, 2009
Catalano OA et al: MR imaging of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. Radiographics. 28(1):135-55; quiz 324, 2008
Ha JP et al: Cholecystectomy or not after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute calculous cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 55(86-87):1497-502, 2008
Bennett GL et al: Ultrasound and CT evaluation of emergent gallbladder pathology. Radiol Clin North Am. 41(6):1203-16, 2003
Browning JD et al: Gallstone disease and its complications. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 14(4):165-77, 2003
Cheema S et al: Timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Ir J Med Sci. 172(3):128-31, 2003
Fayad LM et al: Functional magnetic resonance cholangiography (fMRC) of the gallbladder and biliary tree with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):449-60, 2003
Gandolfi L et al: The role of ultrasound in biliary and pancreatic diseases. Eur J Ultrasound. 16(3):141-59, 2003
Kim KW et al: Acute cholecystitis at T2-weighted and manganese-enhanced T1-weighted MR cholangiography: preliminary study. Radiology. 227(2):580-4, 2003
Ko CW et al: Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Biliary sludge and cholecystitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 17(3):383-96, 2003
Oh KY et al: Limited abdominal MRI in the evaluation of acute right upper quadrant pain. Abdom Imaging. 28(5):643-51, 2003
Ozaras R et al: Acute viral cholecystitis due to hepatitis A virus infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 37(1):79-81, 2003
Pazzi P et al: Biliary sludge: the sluggish gallbladder. Dig Liver Dis. 35 Suppl 3:S39-45, 2003
Pedrosa I et al: The interrupted rim sign in acute cholecystitis: a method to identify the gangrenous form with MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 18(3):360-3, 2003
Roth T et al: Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with aortic dissection: report of a case. Surg Today. 33(8):633-5, 2003
Trowbridge RL et al: Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? JAMA. 289(1):80-6, 2003
Yusoff IF et al: Diagnosis and management of cholecystitis and cholangitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 32(4):1145-68, 2003
Abou-Saif A et al: Complications of gallstone disease: Mirizzi syndrome, cholecystocholedochal fistula, and gallstone ileus. Am J Gastroenterol. 97(2):249-54, 2002
Adusumilli S et al: MR imaging of the gallbladder. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 10(1):165-84, 2002
Bingener-Casey J et al: Reasons for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: a 10-year review. J Gastrointest Surg. 6(6):800-5, 2002
Gore RM et al: Imaging benign and malignant disease of the gallbladder. Radiol Clin North Am. 40(6):1307-23, vi, 2002
Indar AA et al: Acute cholecystitis. BMJ. 325(7365):639-43, 2002
Kitano S et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 9(5):534-7, 2002
Draghi F et al: Power Doppler ultrasound of gallbladder wall vascularization in inflammation: clinical implications. Eur Radiol. 10(10):1587-90, 2000
Park MS et al: Acute cholecystitis: comparison of MR cholangiography and US. Radiology. 209(3):781-5, 1998
Jansen B et al: Mode of inheritance of Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy: an animal model for hereditary nephritis in humans. J Lab Clin Med. 107(6):551-5, 1986
Bondy SC et al: The inhibition of cerebral high affinity receptor sites by lead and mercury compounds. Arch Toxicol. 46(3-4):249-56, 1980
Koketsu K et al: Proceedings: 52. Ca current in action potentials of bullfrog's sympathetic ganglion cells. Nihon Seirigaku Zasshi. 35(8):403, 1973
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Acute inflammation of gallbladder (GB) precipitated by obstructing calculus within GB neck or cystic duct
IMAGING
General Features
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Wang A et al: Utility of diffusion-weighted MRI for differentiating acute from chronic cholecystitis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 44(1):89-97, 2016
Katabathina VS et al: Clinical Presentation, imaging, and management of acute cholecystitis. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 18(4):256-65, 2015
Atar E et al: Percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis: complications and late outcome. Clin Radiol. 69(6):e247-52, 2014
Choi IY et al: Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: value of contrast agent in the gallbladder and cystic duct on Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR cholangiography. Clin Imaging. 38(2):174-8, 2014
Seyal AR et al: Cross-sectional imaging of perforated gallbladder. Abdom Imaging. 39(4):853-74, 2014
Yacoub JH et al: Evaluation of the gallbladder and cystic duct patency with gadoxetate disodium enhanced MR cholangiography: prospective comparison of patients with normal gallbladder function and acute cholecystitis. Acta Radiol. 56(7):782-9, 2014
Kaura SH et al: Comparison of CT and MRI findings in the differentiation of acute from chronic cholecystitis. Clin Imaging. 37(4):687-91, 2013
Patel NB et al: Multidetector CT of emergent biliary pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 33(7):1867-88, 2013
Pinto A et al: Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis: review of the literature. Crit Ultrasound J. 5 Suppl 1:S11, 2013
Soyer P et al: Acute cholecystitis: quantitative and qualitative evaluation with 64-section helical CT. Acta Radiol. 54(5):477-86, 2013
Teefey SA et al: Acute cholecystitis: do sonographic findings and WBC count predict gangrenous changes? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(2):363-9, 2013
Fuks D et al: Acute cholecystitis: preoperative CT can help the surgeon consider conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Radiology. 263(1):128-38, 2012
Tonolini M et al: Urgent MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of acute cholecystitis and related complications: diagnostic role and spectrum of imaging findings. Emerg Radiol. 19(4):341-8, 2012
Tavernaraki K et al: Massive intraperitoneal bleeding due to hemorrhagic cholecystitis and gallbladder rupture: CT findings. Abdom Imaging. 36(5):565-8, 2011
Shakespear JS et al: CT findings of acute cholecystitis and its complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(6):1523-9, 2010
Elsayes KM et al: Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus: spectrum of imaging findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 33(1):86-9, 2009
Kim HO et al: Impact of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy after percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for patients with complicated acute cholecystitis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 19(1):20-4, 2009
Smith EA et al: Cross-sectional imaging of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(1):188-96, 2009
Walton TJ et al: Imaging after medically managed severe acute cholecystitis. Gut. 58(3):421, 472, 2009
Ziessman HA: Interventions used with cholescintigraphy for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Semin Nucl Med. 39(3):174-85, 2009
Catalano OA et al: MR imaging of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. Radiographics. 28(1):135-55; quiz 324, 2008
Ha JP et al: Cholecystectomy or not after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute calculous cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 55(86-87):1497-502, 2008
Bennett GL et al: Ultrasound and CT evaluation of emergent gallbladder pathology. Radiol Clin North Am. 41(6):1203-16, 2003
Browning JD et al: Gallstone disease and its complications. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 14(4):165-77, 2003
Cheema S et al: Timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Ir J Med Sci. 172(3):128-31, 2003
Fayad LM et al: Functional magnetic resonance cholangiography (fMRC) of the gallbladder and biliary tree with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):449-60, 2003
Gandolfi L et al: The role of ultrasound in biliary and pancreatic diseases. Eur J Ultrasound. 16(3):141-59, 2003
Kim KW et al: Acute cholecystitis at T2-weighted and manganese-enhanced T1-weighted MR cholangiography: preliminary study. Radiology. 227(2):580-4, 2003
Ko CW et al: Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Biliary sludge and cholecystitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 17(3):383-96, 2003
Oh KY et al: Limited abdominal MRI in the evaluation of acute right upper quadrant pain. Abdom Imaging. 28(5):643-51, 2003
Ozaras R et al: Acute viral cholecystitis due to hepatitis A virus infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 37(1):79-81, 2003
Pazzi P et al: Biliary sludge: the sluggish gallbladder. Dig Liver Dis. 35 Suppl 3:S39-45, 2003
Pedrosa I et al: The interrupted rim sign in acute cholecystitis: a method to identify the gangrenous form with MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 18(3):360-3, 2003
Roth T et al: Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with aortic dissection: report of a case. Surg Today. 33(8):633-5, 2003
Trowbridge RL et al: Does this patient have acute cholecystitis? JAMA. 289(1):80-6, 2003
Yusoff IF et al: Diagnosis and management of cholecystitis and cholangitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 32(4):1145-68, 2003
Abou-Saif A et al: Complications of gallstone disease: Mirizzi syndrome, cholecystocholedochal fistula, and gallstone ileus. Am J Gastroenterol. 97(2):249-54, 2002
Adusumilli S et al: MR imaging of the gallbladder. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 10(1):165-84, 2002
Bingener-Casey J et al: Reasons for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: a 10-year review. J Gastrointest Surg. 6(6):800-5, 2002
Gore RM et al: Imaging benign and malignant disease of the gallbladder. Radiol Clin North Am. 40(6):1307-23, vi, 2002
Indar AA et al: Acute cholecystitis. BMJ. 325(7365):639-43, 2002
Kitano S et al: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 9(5):534-7, 2002
Draghi F et al: Power Doppler ultrasound of gallbladder wall vascularization in inflammation: clinical implications. Eur Radiol. 10(10):1587-90, 2000
Park MS et al: Acute cholecystitis: comparison of MR cholangiography and US. Radiology. 209(3):781-5, 1998
Jansen B et al: Mode of inheritance of Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy: an animal model for hereditary nephritis in humans. J Lab Clin Med. 107(6):551-5, 1986
Bondy SC et al: The inhibition of cerebral high affinity receptor sites by lead and mercury compounds. Arch Toxicol. 46(3-4):249-56, 1980
Koketsu K et al: Proceedings: 52. Ca current in action potentials of bullfrog's sympathetic ganglion cells. Nihon Seirigaku Zasshi. 35(8):403, 1973
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