Acute brain inflammation caused by infectious agents, most commonly viruses
Noninfectious (autoimmune) brain inflammation
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Lindan CE et al: Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 5(3):167-77, 2020
Starkey J et al: Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum that show restricted diffusion: mechanisms, causes, and manifestations. Radiographics. 37(2):562-76, 2017
Gagnon MM et al: Limbic encephalitis associated with GAD65 antibodies: brief review of the relevant literature. Can J Neurol Sci. 43(4):486-93, 2016
Bajaj M et al: Clinical and neuroimaging findings in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. J Pediatr. 165(2):404-7.e1, 2014
To TM et al: Insights into pediatric herpes simplex encephalitis from a cohort of 21 children from the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 33(12):1287-8, 2014
Crapp S et al: Rocky Mountain spotted fever: 'starry sky' appearance with diffusion-weighted imaging in a child. Pediatr Radiol. 42(4):499-502, 2011
Ito S et al: Transient splenial lesion of the corpus callosum in H1N1 influenza virus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy. Intern Med. 50(8):915-8, 2011
Yadav S et al: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Indian J Pediatr. 77(3):307-9, 2010
Reppel M et al: Japanese encephalitis in Western Europe. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 111(4):373-5, 2009
Nagel MA et al: The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology. 70(11):853-60, 2008
Skelton BW et al: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: typical findings in an atypical disease. Pediatr Radiol. 38(7):810-3, 2008
Tavazzi E et al: Varicella zoster virus meningo-encephalo-myelitis in an immunocompetent patient. Neurol Sci. 29(4):279-83, 2008
Baskin HJ et al: Neuroimaging of herpesvirus infections in children. Pediatr Radiol. 37(10):949-63, 2007
Sejvar JJ et al: Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 62(3):235-42, 2007
Wong AM et al: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: correlation of MR findings and clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(9):1919-23, 2006
Sarkar N et al: Bilateral intracerebral haemorrhages: an atypical presentation of Japanese encephalitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 53:144-6, 2005
Wong SH et al: Murray valley encephalitis mimicking herpes simplex encephalitis. J Clin Neurosci. 12(7):822-4, 2005
Emig M et al: Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 38(2):289-92, 2004
Lury KM et al: Eastern equine encephalitis: CT and MRI findings in one case. Emerg Radiol. 11(1):46-8, 2004
Prakash M et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in Japanese encephalitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 28(6):756-61, 2004
Laothamatas J et al: MR imaging in human rabies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1102-9, 2003
Calli C et al: Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis and differentiation of encephalitis from other mimicking lesions. J Neuroradiol. 29(1):23-8, 2002
Wasay M et al: St Louis encephalitis: a review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Tex, epidemic. Arch Neurol. 57(1):114-8, 2000
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Acute brain inflammation caused by infectious agents, most commonly viruses
Noninfectious (autoimmune) brain inflammation
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Lindan CE et al: Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 5(3):167-77, 2020
Starkey J et al: Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum that show restricted diffusion: mechanisms, causes, and manifestations. Radiographics. 37(2):562-76, 2017
Gagnon MM et al: Limbic encephalitis associated with GAD65 antibodies: brief review of the relevant literature. Can J Neurol Sci. 43(4):486-93, 2016
Bajaj M et al: Clinical and neuroimaging findings in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. J Pediatr. 165(2):404-7.e1, 2014
To TM et al: Insights into pediatric herpes simplex encephalitis from a cohort of 21 children from the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 33(12):1287-8, 2014
Crapp S et al: Rocky Mountain spotted fever: 'starry sky' appearance with diffusion-weighted imaging in a child. Pediatr Radiol. 42(4):499-502, 2011
Ito S et al: Transient splenial lesion of the corpus callosum in H1N1 influenza virus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy. Intern Med. 50(8):915-8, 2011
Yadav S et al: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Indian J Pediatr. 77(3):307-9, 2010
Reppel M et al: Japanese encephalitis in Western Europe. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 111(4):373-5, 2009
Nagel MA et al: The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology. 70(11):853-60, 2008
Skelton BW et al: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: typical findings in an atypical disease. Pediatr Radiol. 38(7):810-3, 2008
Tavazzi E et al: Varicella zoster virus meningo-encephalo-myelitis in an immunocompetent patient. Neurol Sci. 29(4):279-83, 2008
Baskin HJ et al: Neuroimaging of herpesvirus infections in children. Pediatr Radiol. 37(10):949-63, 2007
Sejvar JJ et al: Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 62(3):235-42, 2007
Wong AM et al: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: correlation of MR findings and clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(9):1919-23, 2006
Sarkar N et al: Bilateral intracerebral haemorrhages: an atypical presentation of Japanese encephalitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 53:144-6, 2005
Wong SH et al: Murray valley encephalitis mimicking herpes simplex encephalitis. J Clin Neurosci. 12(7):822-4, 2005
Emig M et al: Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 38(2):289-92, 2004
Lury KM et al: Eastern equine encephalitis: CT and MRI findings in one case. Emerg Radiol. 11(1):46-8, 2004
Prakash M et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in Japanese encephalitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 28(6):756-61, 2004
Laothamatas J et al: MR imaging in human rabies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1102-9, 2003
Calli C et al: Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis and differentiation of encephalitis from other mimicking lesions. J Neuroradiol. 29(1):23-8, 2002
Wasay M et al: St Louis encephalitis: a review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Tex, epidemic. Arch Neurol. 57(1):114-8, 2000
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