Variant of acute hypertensive encephalopathy characterized by headache, visual disturbances, altered mental function
Cerebrovascular autoregulatory disorder
Multiple etiologies; most caused by acute HTN
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Liman TG et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(1):25-35, 2019
Racchiusa S et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and infection: a systematic review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 40(5):915-22, 2019
Tetsuka S et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a review with emphasis on neuroimaging characteristics. J Neurol Sci. 404:72-9, 2019
Brady E et al: The imaging spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a pictorial review. Clin Imaging. 47:80-9, 2018
Fischer M et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neurol. 264(8):1608-16, 2017
Pereira PR et al: Clinical, imagiological and etiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 73(1):36-40, 2015
Thompson RJ et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in the emergency department: case series and literature review. West J Emerg Med. 16(1):5-10, 2015
Gao B et al: Central-variant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: more than meets the eye. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(4):W454, 2014
Junewar V et al: Neuroimaging features and predictors of outcome in eclamptic encephalopathy: a prospective observational study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(9):1728-34, 2014
Lamy C et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 121:1687-701, 2014
Rykken JB et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 35(2):118-35, 2014
Brewer J et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 208(6):468, 2013
Khosravani H et al: Emergency noninvasive angiography for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(8):1481-7, 2013
Li R et al: Is hypertension predictive of clinical recurrence in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome? J Clin Neurosci. 20(2):248-52, 2013
McKinney AM et al: Detection of microhemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome using susceptibility-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(5):896-903, 2012
Peter P et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and the pediatric population. J Pediatr Neurosci. 7(2):136-8, 2012
McCoy B et al: Childhood posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 15(2):91-4, 2011
Hefzy HM et al: Hemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(7):1371-9, 2009
Bartynski WS: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(6):1036-42, 2008
Bartynski WS: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(6):1043-9, 2008
Bartynski WS et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(10):2179-90, 2006
Ishikura K et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children: its high prevalence and more extensive imaging findings. Am J Kidney Dis. 48(2):231-8, 2006
Mirza A: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a variant of hypertensive encephalopathy. J Clin Neurosci. 13(5):590-5, 2006
Narbone MC et al: PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Neurol Sci. 27(3):187-9, 2006
Pande AR et al: Clinicoradiological factors influencing the reversibility of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a multicenter study. Radiat Med. 24(10):659-68, 2006
Kaito E et al: The role of tumor lysis in reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 35(7):722-7, 2005
Striano P et al: Clinical spectrum and critical care management of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Med Sci Monit. 11(11):CR549-53, 2005
Variant of acute hypertensive encephalopathy characterized by headache, visual disturbances, altered mental function
Cerebrovascular autoregulatory disorder
Multiple etiologies; most caused by acute HTN
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Liman TG et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(1):25-35, 2019
Racchiusa S et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and infection: a systematic review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 40(5):915-22, 2019
Tetsuka S et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a review with emphasis on neuroimaging characteristics. J Neurol Sci. 404:72-9, 2019
Brady E et al: The imaging spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a pictorial review. Clin Imaging. 47:80-9, 2018
Fischer M et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neurol. 264(8):1608-16, 2017
Pereira PR et al: Clinical, imagiological and etiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 73(1):36-40, 2015
Thompson RJ et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in the emergency department: case series and literature review. West J Emerg Med. 16(1):5-10, 2015
Gao B et al: Central-variant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: more than meets the eye. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(4):W454, 2014
Junewar V et al: Neuroimaging features and predictors of outcome in eclamptic encephalopathy: a prospective observational study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(9):1728-34, 2014
Lamy C et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 121:1687-701, 2014
Rykken JB et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 35(2):118-35, 2014
Brewer J et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 208(6):468, 2013
Khosravani H et al: Emergency noninvasive angiography for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(8):1481-7, 2013
Li R et al: Is hypertension predictive of clinical recurrence in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome? J Clin Neurosci. 20(2):248-52, 2013
McKinney AM et al: Detection of microhemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome using susceptibility-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(5):896-903, 2012
Peter P et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and the pediatric population. J Pediatr Neurosci. 7(2):136-8, 2012
McCoy B et al: Childhood posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 15(2):91-4, 2011
Hefzy HM et al: Hemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(7):1371-9, 2009
Bartynski WS: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(6):1036-42, 2008
Bartynski WS: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(6):1043-9, 2008
Bartynski WS et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(10):2179-90, 2006
Ishikura K et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children: its high prevalence and more extensive imaging findings. Am J Kidney Dis. 48(2):231-8, 2006
Mirza A: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a variant of hypertensive encephalopathy. J Clin Neurosci. 13(5):590-5, 2006
Narbone MC et al: PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Neurol Sci. 27(3):187-9, 2006
Pande AR et al: Clinicoradiological factors influencing the reversibility of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a multicenter study. Radiat Med. 24(10):659-68, 2006
Kaito E et al: The role of tumor lysis in reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 35(7):722-7, 2005
Striano P et al: Clinical spectrum and critical care management of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Med Sci Monit. 11(11):CR549-53, 2005
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