Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by rapidly progressive respiratory failure of unknown etiology with histologic DAD
AIP definition
Acute respiratory symptoms with severe hypoxia and acute respiratory failure (in most cases)
Bilateral pulmonary opacities on radiography
No identifiable etiology (e.g., infection, connective tissue disease, trauma, heart failure, drug toxicity, etc.)
Histologic documentation of DAD
ARDS and AIP are not equivalent: AIP is idiopathic ARDS; not all ARDS patients have AIP
ARDS definition
Acute onset, within 7 days of defined event (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, etc.)
Partial pressure of arterial O₂: Fraction of inspired O₂ (PaO₂:Fi₂O) ≤ 200 mm Hg
Bilateral pulmonary opacities on radiography or CT
Abnormalities not fully explained by heart failure or fluid overload based on clinical parameters
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Mrad A et al: Acute Interstitial Pneumonia 2021
Ichikado K: High-resolution computed tomography findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute interstitial pneumonia, and acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 35(1):39-46, 2014
Travis WD et al: An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 188(6):733-48, 2013
Mukhopadhyay S et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP): relationship to Hamman-Rich syndrome, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 33(5):476-85, 2012
Araya J et al: Clinically occult subpleural fibrosis and acute interstitial pneumonia a precursor to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Respirology. 13(3):408-12, 2008
Mueller-Mang C et al: What every radiologist should know about idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Radiographics. 27(3):595-615, 2007
Parambil JG et al: Causes and prognosis of diffuse alveolar damage diagnosed on surgical lung biopsy. Chest. 132(1):50-7, 2007
Ichikado K et al: Prediction of prognosis for acute respiratory distress syndrome with thin-section CT: validation in 44 cases. Radiology. 238(1):321-9, 2006
Swigris JJ et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia and acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 27(6):659-67, 2006
Thannickal VJ: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: a clinicopathological perspective. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 27(6):569-73, 2006
Ichikado K et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia: comparison of high-resolution computed tomography findings between survivors and nonsurvivors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 165(11):1551-6, 2002
Johkoh T et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 36 patients. Radiology. 211(3):859-63, 1999
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP)
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Synonyms
Hamman-Rich syndrome
Definitions
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by rapidly progressive respiratory failure of unknown etiology with histologic DAD
AIP definition
Acute respiratory symptoms with severe hypoxia and acute respiratory failure (in most cases)
Bilateral pulmonary opacities on radiography
No identifiable etiology (e.g., infection, connective tissue disease, trauma, heart failure, drug toxicity, etc.)
Histologic documentation of DAD
ARDS and AIP are not equivalent: AIP is idiopathic ARDS; not all ARDS patients have AIP
ARDS definition
Acute onset, within 7 days of defined event (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, etc.)
Partial pressure of arterial O₂: Fraction of inspired O₂ (PaO₂:Fi₂O) ≤ 200 mm Hg
Bilateral pulmonary opacities on radiography or CT
Abnormalities not fully explained by heart failure or fluid overload based on clinical parameters
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Mrad A et al: Acute Interstitial Pneumonia 2021
Ichikado K: High-resolution computed tomography findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute interstitial pneumonia, and acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 35(1):39-46, 2014
Travis WD et al: An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 188(6):733-48, 2013
Mukhopadhyay S et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP): relationship to Hamman-Rich syndrome, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 33(5):476-85, 2012
Araya J et al: Clinically occult subpleural fibrosis and acute interstitial pneumonia a precursor to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Respirology. 13(3):408-12, 2008
Mueller-Mang C et al: What every radiologist should know about idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Radiographics. 27(3):595-615, 2007
Parambil JG et al: Causes and prognosis of diffuse alveolar damage diagnosed on surgical lung biopsy. Chest. 132(1):50-7, 2007
Ichikado K et al: Prediction of prognosis for acute respiratory distress syndrome with thin-section CT: validation in 44 cases. Radiology. 238(1):321-9, 2006
Swigris JJ et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia and acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 27(6):659-67, 2006
Thannickal VJ: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: a clinicopathological perspective. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 27(6):569-73, 2006
Ichikado K et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia: comparison of high-resolution computed tomography findings between survivors and nonsurvivors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 165(11):1551-6, 2002
Johkoh T et al: Acute interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 36 patients. Radiology. 211(3):859-63, 1999
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.