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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST)
Synonyms
- Acute pyogenic thyroiditis
Definitions
- Acute bacterial infection of thyroid gland
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Zhang P et al: Recurrent neck lesions secondary to pyriform sinus fistula. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 273(3):735-9, 2016
- Hong HS et al: Ultrasonography of various thyroid diseases in children and adolescents: a pictorial essay. Korean J Radiol. 16(2):419-29, 2015
- Mou JW et al: Recurrent deep neck abscess and piriform sinus tract: a 15-year review on the diagnosis and management. J Pediatr Surg. 49(8):1264-7, 2014
- Cha W et al: Chemocauterization of the internal opening with trichloroacetic acid as first-line treatment for pyriform sinus fistula. Head Neck. 35(3):431-5, 2013
- Wong KT et al: Benign thyroid conditions. In Sofferman et al: Ultrasound of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. New York: Springer. 61-106, 2012
- Masuoka H et al: Imaging studies in sixty patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 21(10):1075-80, 2011
- Koch B: 4th branchial cleft cyst. In Harnsberger R et al: Diagnostic Imaging: Head and Neck. 2nd ed. Salt Lake City: Amirsys, Inc. III-1-36-39, 2010
- Paes JE et al: Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis: a clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid. 20(3):247-55, 2010
- Pahlavan S et al: Microbiology of third and fourth branchial pouch cysts. Laryngoscope. 120(3):458-62, 2010
- Thomas B et al: Revisiting imaging features and the embryologic basis of third and fourth branchial anomalies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(4):755-60, 2010
- Nicoucar K et al: Management of congenital fourth branchial arch anomalies: a review and analysis of published cases. J Pediatr Surg. 44(7):1432-9, 2009
- Mantle BA et al: Fourth branchial cleft sinus: relationship to superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Am J Otolaryngol. 29(3):198-200, 2008
- Gopan T et al: Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis attributable to a piriform sinus fistula in an adult. Endocr Pract. 13(6):662-6, 2007
- James A et al: Branchial sinus of the piriform fossa: reappraisal of third and fourth branchial anomalies. Laryngoscope. 117(11):1920-4, 2007
- Garrel R et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: from diagnosis to treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 134(1):157-63, 2006
- Koch BL: Cystic malformations of the neck in children. Pediatr Radiol. 35(5):463-77, 2005
- Miyauchi A et al: Computed tomography scan under a trumpet maneuver to demonstrate piriform sinus fistulae in patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 15(12):1409-13, 2005
- Jeyakumar A et al: Various presentations of fourth branchial pouch anomalies. Ear Nose Throat J. 83(9):640-2, 644, 2004
- Pereira KD et al: Management of anomalies of the third and fourth branchial pouches. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 68(1): 43-50, 2004
- Chaudhary N et al: Fistula of the fourth branchial pouch. Am J Otolaryngol. 24(4): 250-2, 2003
- Wang HK et al: Imaging studies of pyriform sinus fistula. Pediatr Radiol. 33(5):328-33, 2003
- Liberman M et al: Ten years of experience with third and fourth branchial remnants. J Pediatr Surg. 37(5): 685-90, 2002
- Link TD et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: a diagnostic challenge. Plast Reconstr Surg. 108(3): 695-701, 2001
- Minhas SS et al: Fourth branchial arch fistula and suppurative thyroiditis: a life-threatening infection. J Laryngol Otol. 115(12): 1029-31, 2001
- Cases JA et al: Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis in an adult due to a fourth branchial pouch fistula. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85(3): 953-6, 2000
- Mandell DL: Head and neck anomalies related to the branchial apparatus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 33(6): 1309-32, 2000
- Nicollas R et al: Congenital cysts and fistulas of the neck. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 55(2): 117-24, 2000
- Park SW et al: Neck infection associated with pyriform sinus fistula: imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(5):817-22, 2000
- Stone ME et al: A new role for computed tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of pyriform sinus fistula. Am J Otolaryngol. 21(5):323-5, 2000
- Yang C et al: Fourth branchial arch sinus: clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and surgical treatment. Laryngoscope. 109(3): 442-6, 1999
- Ahuja AT et al: The role of ultrasound and oesophagography in the management of acute suppurative thyroiditis in children associated with congenital pyriform fossa sinus. Clin Radiol. 53(3):209-11, 1998
- Nicollas R et al: Fourth branchial pouch anomalies: a study of six cases and review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 44(1): 5-10, 1998
- Cote DN et al: Fourth branchial cleft cysts. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 114(1): 95-7, 1996
- Choi SS et al: Branchial anomalies: a review of 52 cases. Laryngoscope. 105(9 Pt 1): 909-13, 1995
- Benson MT et al: Congenital anomalies of the branchial apparatus: embryology and pathologic anatomy. Radiographics. 12(5):943-60, 1992
- Rosenfeld RM et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: diagnosis and treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 105(1): 44-50, 1991
- Godin MS et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: principles of diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 100(2 Pt 1): 174-8, 1990
- Lucaya J et al: Congenital pyriform sinus fistula: a cause of acute left-sided suppurative thyroiditis and neck abscess in children. Pediatr Radiol. 21(1):27-9, 1990
- Taylor WE Jr et al: Acute suppurative thyroiditis in children. Laryngoscope. 92(11):1269-73, 1982
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST)
Synonyms
- Acute pyogenic thyroiditis
Definitions
- Acute bacterial infection of thyroid gland
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Zhang P et al: Recurrent neck lesions secondary to pyriform sinus fistula. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 273(3):735-9, 2016
- Hong HS et al: Ultrasonography of various thyroid diseases in children and adolescents: a pictorial essay. Korean J Radiol. 16(2):419-29, 2015
- Mou JW et al: Recurrent deep neck abscess and piriform sinus tract: a 15-year review on the diagnosis and management. J Pediatr Surg. 49(8):1264-7, 2014
- Cha W et al: Chemocauterization of the internal opening with trichloroacetic acid as first-line treatment for pyriform sinus fistula. Head Neck. 35(3):431-5, 2013
- Wong KT et al: Benign thyroid conditions. In Sofferman et al: Ultrasound of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. New York: Springer. 61-106, 2012
- Masuoka H et al: Imaging studies in sixty patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 21(10):1075-80, 2011
- Koch B: 4th branchial cleft cyst. In Harnsberger R et al: Diagnostic Imaging: Head and Neck. 2nd ed. Salt Lake City: Amirsys, Inc. III-1-36-39, 2010
- Paes JE et al: Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis: a clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid. 20(3):247-55, 2010
- Pahlavan S et al: Microbiology of third and fourth branchial pouch cysts. Laryngoscope. 120(3):458-62, 2010
- Thomas B et al: Revisiting imaging features and the embryologic basis of third and fourth branchial anomalies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(4):755-60, 2010
- Nicoucar K et al: Management of congenital fourth branchial arch anomalies: a review and analysis of published cases. J Pediatr Surg. 44(7):1432-9, 2009
- Mantle BA et al: Fourth branchial cleft sinus: relationship to superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Am J Otolaryngol. 29(3):198-200, 2008
- Gopan T et al: Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis attributable to a piriform sinus fistula in an adult. Endocr Pract. 13(6):662-6, 2007
- James A et al: Branchial sinus of the piriform fossa: reappraisal of third and fourth branchial anomalies. Laryngoscope. 117(11):1920-4, 2007
- Garrel R et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: from diagnosis to treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 134(1):157-63, 2006
- Koch BL: Cystic malformations of the neck in children. Pediatr Radiol. 35(5):463-77, 2005
- Miyauchi A et al: Computed tomography scan under a trumpet maneuver to demonstrate piriform sinus fistulae in patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 15(12):1409-13, 2005
- Jeyakumar A et al: Various presentations of fourth branchial pouch anomalies. Ear Nose Throat J. 83(9):640-2, 644, 2004
- Pereira KD et al: Management of anomalies of the third and fourth branchial pouches. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 68(1): 43-50, 2004
- Chaudhary N et al: Fistula of the fourth branchial pouch. Am J Otolaryngol. 24(4): 250-2, 2003
- Wang HK et al: Imaging studies of pyriform sinus fistula. Pediatr Radiol. 33(5):328-33, 2003
- Liberman M et al: Ten years of experience with third and fourth branchial remnants. J Pediatr Surg. 37(5): 685-90, 2002
- Link TD et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: a diagnostic challenge. Plast Reconstr Surg. 108(3): 695-701, 2001
- Minhas SS et al: Fourth branchial arch fistula and suppurative thyroiditis: a life-threatening infection. J Laryngol Otol. 115(12): 1029-31, 2001
- Cases JA et al: Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis in an adult due to a fourth branchial pouch fistula. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85(3): 953-6, 2000
- Mandell DL: Head and neck anomalies related to the branchial apparatus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 33(6): 1309-32, 2000
- Nicollas R et al: Congenital cysts and fistulas of the neck. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 55(2): 117-24, 2000
- Park SW et al: Neck infection associated with pyriform sinus fistula: imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(5):817-22, 2000
- Stone ME et al: A new role for computed tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of pyriform sinus fistula. Am J Otolaryngol. 21(5):323-5, 2000
- Yang C et al: Fourth branchial arch sinus: clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and surgical treatment. Laryngoscope. 109(3): 442-6, 1999
- Ahuja AT et al: The role of ultrasound and oesophagography in the management of acute suppurative thyroiditis in children associated with congenital pyriform fossa sinus. Clin Radiol. 53(3):209-11, 1998
- Nicollas R et al: Fourth branchial pouch anomalies: a study of six cases and review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 44(1): 5-10, 1998
- Cote DN et al: Fourth branchial cleft cysts. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 114(1): 95-7, 1996
- Choi SS et al: Branchial anomalies: a review of 52 cases. Laryngoscope. 105(9 Pt 1): 909-13, 1995
- Benson MT et al: Congenital anomalies of the branchial apparatus: embryology and pathologic anatomy. Radiographics. 12(5):943-60, 1992
- Rosenfeld RM et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: diagnosis and treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 105(1): 44-50, 1991
- Godin MS et al: Fourth branchial pouch sinus: principles of diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 100(2 Pt 1): 174-8, 1990
- Lucaya J et al: Congenital pyriform sinus fistula: a cause of acute left-sided suppurative thyroiditis and neck abscess in children. Pediatr Radiol. 21(1):27-9, 1990
- Taylor WE Jr et al: Acute suppurative thyroiditis in children. Laryngoscope. 92(11):1269-73, 1982
