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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Definitions
- Autoimmune-mediated white matter (WM) demyelination of brain &/or spinal cord, usually with remyelination
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018
- Aubert-Broche B et al: Monophasic demyelination reduces brain growth in children. Neurology. 88(18):1744-50, 2017
- Bester M et al: Neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and other demyelinating diseases. Semin Roentgenol. 49(1):76-85, 2014
- Longoni G et al: White matter changes in paediatric multiple sclerosis and monophasic demyelinating disorders. Brain. 140(5):1300-15, 2017
- Koelman DLH et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: prognostic value of early follow-up brain MRI. J Neurol. 264(8):1754-62, 2017
- Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: Case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017
- Kanekar S et al: A pattern approach to focal white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):241-61, 2014
- Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016
- Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016
- Yuan JL et al: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis following Vaccination against Hepatitis B in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016
- Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2015
- Karussis D: The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the various related demyelinating syndromes: a critical review. J Autoimmun. 48-49:134-42, 2014
- Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017
- Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017
- Tenembaum SN: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 112:1253-62, 2013
- Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013
- Callen DJ et al: Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology. 72(11):968-73, 2009
- Noorbakhsh F et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: clinical and pathogenesis features. Neurol Clin. 26(3):759-80, ix, 2008
- Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008
- Tenembaum S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 68(16 Suppl 2):S23-36, 2007
- Menge T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update. Arch Neurol. 62(11):1673-80, 2005
- Yeh EA et al: Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics. 113(1 Pt 1):e73-6, 2004
- Dale RC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):90-5, 2003
- Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-17, 2003
- Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003
- Okamoto K et al: MR features of diseases involving bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(10):1946-54, 2003
- Sener RN: Neuro-Behcet's disease: diffusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(8):1612-4, 2003
- Stonehouse M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: recognition in the hands of general paediatricians. Arch Dis Child. 88(2):122-4, 2003
- Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002
- Murthy JM: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurol India. 50(3):238-43, 2002
- Tenembaum S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients. Neurology. 59(8):1224-31, 2002
- Bizzi A et al: Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(6):1125-30, 2001
- Honkaniemi J et al: Delayed MR imaging changes in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(6):1117-24, 2001
- Straussberg R et al: Improvement of atypical acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Pediatr Neurol. 24(2):139-43, 2001
- Dale RC et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 123 Pt 12:2407-22, 2000
- Rust RS: Multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and related conditions. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 7(2):66-90, 2000
- Schaefer PW et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 217(2):331-45, 2000
- Kocer N et al: CNS involvement in neuro-Behcet syndrome: an MR study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(6):1015-24, 1999
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Definitions
- Autoimmune-mediated white matter (WM) demyelination of brain &/or spinal cord, usually with remyelination
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018
- Aubert-Broche B et al: Monophasic demyelination reduces brain growth in children. Neurology. 88(18):1744-50, 2017
- Bester M et al: Neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and other demyelinating diseases. Semin Roentgenol. 49(1):76-85, 2014
- Longoni G et al: White matter changes in paediatric multiple sclerosis and monophasic demyelinating disorders. Brain. 140(5):1300-15, 2017
- Koelman DLH et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: prognostic value of early follow-up brain MRI. J Neurol. 264(8):1754-62, 2017
- Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: Case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017
- Kanekar S et al: A pattern approach to focal white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):241-61, 2014
- Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016
- Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016
- Yuan JL et al: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis following Vaccination against Hepatitis B in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016
- Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2015
- Karussis D: The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the various related demyelinating syndromes: a critical review. J Autoimmun. 48-49:134-42, 2014
- Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017
- Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017
- Tenembaum SN: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 112:1253-62, 2013
- Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013
- Callen DJ et al: Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology. 72(11):968-73, 2009
- Noorbakhsh F et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: clinical and pathogenesis features. Neurol Clin. 26(3):759-80, ix, 2008
- Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008
- Tenembaum S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 68(16 Suppl 2):S23-36, 2007
- Menge T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update. Arch Neurol. 62(11):1673-80, 2005
- Yeh EA et al: Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics. 113(1 Pt 1):e73-6, 2004
- Dale RC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):90-5, 2003
- Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-17, 2003
- Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003
- Okamoto K et al: MR features of diseases involving bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(10):1946-54, 2003
- Sener RN: Neuro-Behcet's disease: diffusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(8):1612-4, 2003
- Stonehouse M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: recognition in the hands of general paediatricians. Arch Dis Child. 88(2):122-4, 2003
- Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002
- Murthy JM: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurol India. 50(3):238-43, 2002
- Tenembaum S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients. Neurology. 59(8):1224-31, 2002
- Bizzi A et al: Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(6):1125-30, 2001
- Honkaniemi J et al: Delayed MR imaging changes in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(6):1117-24, 2001
- Straussberg R et al: Improvement of atypical acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Pediatr Neurol. 24(2):139-43, 2001
- Dale RC et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 123 Pt 12:2407-22, 2000
- Rust RS: Multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and related conditions. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 7(2):66-90, 2000
- Schaefer PW et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 217(2):331-45, 2000
- Kocer N et al: CNS involvement in neuro-Behcet syndrome: an MR study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(6):1015-24, 1999
