Para-/postinfectious immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of white matter
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Dubey D et al: Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. JAMA Neurol. 76(3):301-9, 2019
Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018
Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017
Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017
Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017
Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016
Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016
Yuan JL et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against hepatitis B in a child: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016
Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2014
Marin SE et al: The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update post application of the 2007 consensus criteria. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(2):245-66, 2013
Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013
Lim CC: Neuroimaging in postinfectious demyelination and nutritional disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):843-58, viii, 2011
Harris MO et al: Is it ADEM, POLG, or both? Arch Neurol. 67(4):493-6, 2010
Ketelslegers IA et al: A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology. 4;74(18):1412-5 2010
Summerfield R et al: Small cell lung carcinoma presenting with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Br J Radiol. 83(987):e54-7, 2010
Young NP et al: Perivenous demyelination: association with clinically defined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and comparison with pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis. Brain. 133(Pt 2):333-48, 2010
Hagiwara H et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicating subclinical measles infection. Intern Med. 48(6):479-83, 2009
Panicker JN et al: Lower urinary tract dysfunction in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler. 15(9):1118-22, 2009
Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008
Balasubramanya KS et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in the characterization of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 49(2):177-83, 2007
Khurana DS et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: discordant neurologic and neuroimaging abnormalities and response to plasmapheresis. Pediatrics. 116(2):431-6, 2005
Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-7, 2003
Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003
Miravalle A et al: Encephalitis complicating smallpox vaccination. Arch Neurol. 60(7):925-8, 2003
Au WY et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after para-influenza infection post bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma. 43(2):455-7, 2002
Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002
Khong PL et al: Childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: the role of brain and spinal cord MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 32(1):59-66, 2002
Murthy SN et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 110(2 Pt 1):e21, 2002
Bastianello S: Magnetic resonance imaging of MS-like disease. Neurol Sci. 22 Suppl 2:S103-7, 2001
Lin WC et al: Sequential MR studies of a patient with white matter disease presenting psychotic symptoms: ADEM versus single-episode MS. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 17(3):161-6, 2001
Miyazawa R et al: Plasmapheresis in fulminant acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Brain Dev. 23(6):424-6, 2001
Singh S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging differentiation. Australas Radiol. 44(4):404-11, 2000
Tsuru T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after live rubella vaccination. Brain Dev. 22(4):259-61, 2000
Murthy JM et al: Clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 47(3):280-3, 1999
Pradhan S et al: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci. 165(1):56-61, 1999
Murthy JM: MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Semple antirabies vaccine. Neuroradiology. 40(7):420-3, 1998
Kumada S et al: Encephalomyelitis subsequent to mycoplasma infection with elevated serum anti-Gal C antibody. Pediatr Neurol. 16(3):241-4, 1997
Patel SP et al: Neuropsychiatric features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9(4):534-40, 1997
Kinoshita A et al: Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculitis in a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60(1):87-90, 1996
Kleiman M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: response to intravenous immunoglobulin. J Child Neurol. 10(6):481-3, 1995
Baum PA et al: Deep gray matter involvement in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(7):1275-83, 1994
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Definitions
Para-/postinfectious immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of white matter
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Dubey D et al: Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. JAMA Neurol. 76(3):301-9, 2019
Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018
Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017
Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017
Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017
Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016
Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016
Yuan JL et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against hepatitis B in a child: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016
Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2014
Marin SE et al: The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update post application of the 2007 consensus criteria. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(2):245-66, 2013
Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013
Lim CC: Neuroimaging in postinfectious demyelination and nutritional disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):843-58, viii, 2011
Harris MO et al: Is it ADEM, POLG, or both? Arch Neurol. 67(4):493-6, 2010
Ketelslegers IA et al: A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology. 4;74(18):1412-5 2010
Summerfield R et al: Small cell lung carcinoma presenting with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Br J Radiol. 83(987):e54-7, 2010
Young NP et al: Perivenous demyelination: association with clinically defined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and comparison with pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis. Brain. 133(Pt 2):333-48, 2010
Hagiwara H et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicating subclinical measles infection. Intern Med. 48(6):479-83, 2009
Panicker JN et al: Lower urinary tract dysfunction in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler. 15(9):1118-22, 2009
Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008
Balasubramanya KS et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in the characterization of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 49(2):177-83, 2007
Khurana DS et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: discordant neurologic and neuroimaging abnormalities and response to plasmapheresis. Pediatrics. 116(2):431-6, 2005
Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-7, 2003
Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003
Miravalle A et al: Encephalitis complicating smallpox vaccination. Arch Neurol. 60(7):925-8, 2003
Au WY et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after para-influenza infection post bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma. 43(2):455-7, 2002
Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002
Khong PL et al: Childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: the role of brain and spinal cord MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 32(1):59-66, 2002
Murthy SN et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 110(2 Pt 1):e21, 2002
Bastianello S: Magnetic resonance imaging of MS-like disease. Neurol Sci. 22 Suppl 2:S103-7, 2001
Lin WC et al: Sequential MR studies of a patient with white matter disease presenting psychotic symptoms: ADEM versus single-episode MS. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 17(3):161-6, 2001
Miyazawa R et al: Plasmapheresis in fulminant acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Brain Dev. 23(6):424-6, 2001
Singh S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging differentiation. Australas Radiol. 44(4):404-11, 2000
Tsuru T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after live rubella vaccination. Brain Dev. 22(4):259-61, 2000
Murthy JM et al: Clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 47(3):280-3, 1999
Pradhan S et al: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci. 165(1):56-61, 1999
Murthy JM: MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Semple antirabies vaccine. Neuroradiology. 40(7):420-3, 1998
Kumada S et al: Encephalomyelitis subsequent to mycoplasma infection with elevated serum anti-Gal C antibody. Pediatr Neurol. 16(3):241-4, 1997
Patel SP et al: Neuropsychiatric features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9(4):534-40, 1997
Kinoshita A et al: Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculitis in a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60(1):87-90, 1996
Kleiman M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: response to intravenous immunoglobulin. J Child Neurol. 10(6):481-3, 1995
Baum PA et al: Deep gray matter involvement in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(7):1275-83, 1994
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