link
Bookmarks
Spine
Diagnosis
Infection and Inflammatory Disorders
Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders
ADEM
ADEM
Kevin R. Moore, MD
To access 4,300 diagnoses written by the world's leading experts in radiology.Try it free - 15 days
0
7
2
1

KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          • Diagnostic Checklist

            TERMINOLOGY

            • Abbreviations

              • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

            • Definitions

              • Para-/postinfectious immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of white matter

            IMAGING

            • General Features

              • CT Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • Nonvascular Interventions

                    • Imaging Recommendations

                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                        PATHOLOGY

                        • General Features

                          • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                            • Microscopic Features

                              CLINICAL ISSUES

                              • Presentation

                                • Demographics

                                  • Natural History & Prognosis

                                    • Treatment

                                      DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                      • Consider

                                        • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                          Selected References

                                          1. Dubey D et al: Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. JAMA Neurol. 76(3):301-9, 2019
                                          2. Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018
                                          3. Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017
                                          4. Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017
                                          5. Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017
                                          6. Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016
                                          7. Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016
                                          8. Yuan JL et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against hepatitis B in a child: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016
                                          9. Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2014
                                          10. Marin SE et al: The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update post application of the 2007 consensus criteria. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(2):245-66, 2013
                                          11. Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013
                                          12. Lim CC: Neuroimaging in postinfectious demyelination and nutritional disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):843-58, viii, 2011
                                          13. Harris MO et al: Is it ADEM, POLG, or both? Arch Neurol. 67(4):493-6, 2010
                                          14. Ketelslegers IA et al: A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology. 4;74(18):1412-5 2010
                                          15. Summerfield R et al: Small cell lung carcinoma presenting with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Br J Radiol. 83(987):e54-7, 2010
                                          16. Young NP et al: Perivenous demyelination: association with clinically defined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and comparison with pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis. Brain. 133(Pt 2):333-48, 2010
                                          17. Hagiwara H et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicating subclinical measles infection. Intern Med. 48(6):479-83, 2009
                                          18. Panicker JN et al: Lower urinary tract dysfunction in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler. 15(9):1118-22, 2009
                                          19. Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008
                                          20. Balasubramanya KS et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in the characterization of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 49(2):177-83, 2007
                                          21. Khurana DS et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: discordant neurologic and neuroimaging abnormalities and response to plasmapheresis. Pediatrics. 116(2):431-6, 2005
                                          22. Dale RC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):90-5, 2003
                                          23. Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-7, 2003
                                          24. Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003
                                          25. Miravalle A et al: Encephalitis complicating smallpox vaccination. Arch Neurol. 60(7):925-8, 2003
                                          26. Au WY et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after para-influenza infection post bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma. 43(2):455-7, 2002
                                          27. Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002
                                          28. Khong PL et al: Childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: the role of brain and spinal cord MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 32(1):59-66, 2002
                                          29. Murthy SN et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 110(2 Pt 1):e21, 2002
                                          30. Arya SC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with poliomyelitis vaccine. Pediatr Neurol. 24(4):325, 2001
                                          31. Bastianello S: Magnetic resonance imaging of MS-like disease. Neurol Sci. 22 Suppl 2:S103-7, 2001
                                          32. Lin WC et al: Sequential MR studies of a patient with white matter disease presenting psychotic symptoms: ADEM versus single-episode MS. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 17(3):161-6, 2001
                                          33. Miyazawa R et al: Plasmapheresis in fulminant acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Brain Dev. 23(6):424-6, 2001
                                          34. Singh S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging differentiation. Australas Radiol. 44(4):404-11, 2000
                                          35. Tsuru T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after live rubella vaccination. Brain Dev. 22(4):259-61, 2000
                                          36. Murthy JM et al: Clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 47(3):280-3, 1999
                                          37. Pradhan S et al: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci. 165(1):56-61, 1999
                                          38. Murthy JM: MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Semple antirabies vaccine. Neuroradiology. 40(7):420-3, 1998
                                          39. Kumada S et al: Encephalomyelitis subsequent to mycoplasma infection with elevated serum anti-Gal C antibody. Pediatr Neurol. 16(3):241-4, 1997
                                          40. Patel SP et al: Neuropsychiatric features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9(4):534-40, 1997
                                          41. Kinoshita A et al: Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculitis in a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60(1):87-90, 1996
                                          42. Kleiman M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: response to intravenous immunoglobulin. J Child Neurol. 10(6):481-3, 1995
                                          43. Baum PA et al: Deep gray matter involvement in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(7):1275-83, 1994
                                          Related Anatomy
                                          Loading...
                                          Related Differential Diagnoses
                                          Loading...
                                          References
                                          Tables

                                          Tables

                                          KEY FACTS

                                          • Terminology

                                            • Imaging

                                              • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                • Clinical Issues

                                                  • Diagnostic Checklist

                                                    TERMINOLOGY

                                                    • Abbreviations

                                                      • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

                                                    • Definitions

                                                      • Para-/postinfectious immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of white matter

                                                    IMAGING

                                                    • General Features

                                                      • CT Findings

                                                        • MR Findings

                                                          • Nonvascular Interventions

                                                            • Imaging Recommendations

                                                              DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                PATHOLOGY

                                                                • General Features

                                                                  • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                    • Microscopic Features

                                                                      CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                      • Presentation

                                                                        • Demographics

                                                                          • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                            • Treatment

                                                                              DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                              • Consider

                                                                                • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                                  Selected References

                                                                                  1. Dubey D et al: Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. JAMA Neurol. 76(3):301-9, 2019
                                                                                  2. Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018
                                                                                  3. Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017
                                                                                  4. Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017
                                                                                  5. Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017
                                                                                  6. Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016
                                                                                  7. Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016
                                                                                  8. Yuan JL et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against hepatitis B in a child: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016
                                                                                  9. Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2014
                                                                                  10. Marin SE et al: The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update post application of the 2007 consensus criteria. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(2):245-66, 2013
                                                                                  11. Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013
                                                                                  12. Lim CC: Neuroimaging in postinfectious demyelination and nutritional disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):843-58, viii, 2011
                                                                                  13. Harris MO et al: Is it ADEM, POLG, or both? Arch Neurol. 67(4):493-6, 2010
                                                                                  14. Ketelslegers IA et al: A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology. 4;74(18):1412-5 2010
                                                                                  15. Summerfield R et al: Small cell lung carcinoma presenting with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Br J Radiol. 83(987):e54-7, 2010
                                                                                  16. Young NP et al: Perivenous demyelination: association with clinically defined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and comparison with pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis. Brain. 133(Pt 2):333-48, 2010
                                                                                  17. Hagiwara H et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicating subclinical measles infection. Intern Med. 48(6):479-83, 2009
                                                                                  18. Panicker JN et al: Lower urinary tract dysfunction in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler. 15(9):1118-22, 2009
                                                                                  19. Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008
                                                                                  20. Balasubramanya KS et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in the characterization of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 49(2):177-83, 2007
                                                                                  21. Khurana DS et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: discordant neurologic and neuroimaging abnormalities and response to plasmapheresis. Pediatrics. 116(2):431-6, 2005
                                                                                  22. Dale RC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):90-5, 2003
                                                                                  23. Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-7, 2003
                                                                                  24. Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003
                                                                                  25. Miravalle A et al: Encephalitis complicating smallpox vaccination. Arch Neurol. 60(7):925-8, 2003
                                                                                  26. Au WY et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after para-influenza infection post bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma. 43(2):455-7, 2002
                                                                                  27. Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002
                                                                                  28. Khong PL et al: Childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: the role of brain and spinal cord MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 32(1):59-66, 2002
                                                                                  29. Murthy SN et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 110(2 Pt 1):e21, 2002
                                                                                  30. Arya SC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with poliomyelitis vaccine. Pediatr Neurol. 24(4):325, 2001
                                                                                  31. Bastianello S: Magnetic resonance imaging of MS-like disease. Neurol Sci. 22 Suppl 2:S103-7, 2001
                                                                                  32. Lin WC et al: Sequential MR studies of a patient with white matter disease presenting psychotic symptoms: ADEM versus single-episode MS. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 17(3):161-6, 2001
                                                                                  33. Miyazawa R et al: Plasmapheresis in fulminant acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Brain Dev. 23(6):424-6, 2001
                                                                                  34. Singh S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging differentiation. Australas Radiol. 44(4):404-11, 2000
                                                                                  35. Tsuru T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after live rubella vaccination. Brain Dev. 22(4):259-61, 2000
                                                                                  36. Murthy JM et al: Clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging study of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 47(3):280-3, 1999
                                                                                  37. Pradhan S et al: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci. 165(1):56-61, 1999
                                                                                  38. Murthy JM: MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Semple antirabies vaccine. Neuroradiology. 40(7):420-3, 1998
                                                                                  39. Kumada S et al: Encephalomyelitis subsequent to mycoplasma infection with elevated serum anti-Gal C antibody. Pediatr Neurol. 16(3):241-4, 1997
                                                                                  40. Patel SP et al: Neuropsychiatric features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9(4):534-40, 1997
                                                                                  41. Kinoshita A et al: Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculitis in a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60(1):87-90, 1996
                                                                                  42. Kleiman M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: response to intravenous immunoglobulin. J Child Neurol. 10(6):481-3, 1995
                                                                                  43. Baum PA et al: Deep gray matter involvement in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(7):1275-83, 1994