Nagayama Y et al: Adrenal adenomas versus metastases: diagnostic performance of dual-energy spectral CT virtual noncontrast imaging and iodine maps. Radiology. 296(2):324-32, 2020
Corwin MT et al: Differences in growth rate on CT of adrenal adenomas and malignant adrenal nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 213(3):632-6, 2019
Elbanan MG et al: Adrenal cortical adenoma: current update, imaging features, atypical findings, and mimics. Abdom Radiol (NY). 45(4):905-16, 2020
Hekimsoy İ et al: Characterization of adrenal lesions on chemical shift MRI: comparison of 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(10):3359-69, 2019
Liu T et al: Distinguishing adrenal adenomas from non-adenomas with multidetector CT: evaluation of percentage washout values at a short time delay triphasic enhanced CT. Br J Radiol. 92(1094):20180429, 2019
Platzek I et al: Chemical shift imaging for evaluation of adrenal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 29(2):806-17, 2019
Humbert AL et al: The computed tomography adrenal wash-out analysis properly classifies cortisol secreting adrenocortical adenomas. Endocrine. 59(3):529-37, 2018
Mohammed MF et al: Pheochromocytomas versus adenoma: role of venous phase CT enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 210(5):1073-8, 2018
Rocha TO et al: Histogram analysis of adrenal lesions with a single measurement for 10th percentile: feasibility and incremental value for diagnosing adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(6):1227-33, 2018
Thomas AJ et al: Interobserver agreement in distinguishing large adrenal adenomas and adrenocortical carcinomas on computed tomography. Abdom Radiol (NY). 43(11):3101-8, 2018
Tu W et al: Can adrenal adenomas be differentiated from adrenal metastases at single-phase contrast-enhanced CT? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(5):1044-50, 2018
Woo S et al: Pheochromocytoma as a frequent false-positive in adrenal washout CT: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 28(3):1027-36, 2018
Mosconi C et al: Can imaging predict subclinical cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal adenomas? A CT predictive score. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(1):122-9, 2017
Schieda N et al: Update on CT and MRI of adrenal nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1-12, 2017
Wagner-Bartak NA et al: Cushing syndrome: diagnostic workup and imaging features, with clinical and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(1):19-32, 2017
Diolombi ML et al: Diagnostic dilemmas in enlarged and diffusely hemorrhagic adrenal glands. Hum Pathol. 53:63-72, 2016
Warda MH et al: Chemical-shift MRI versus washout CT for characterizing adrenal incidentalomas. Clin Imaging. 40(4):780-7, 2016
Mileto A et al: Dual-energy multidetector CT for the characterization of incidental adrenal nodules: diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced material density analysis. Radiology. 274(2):445-54, 2015
Koo HJ et al: The value of 15-minute delayed contrast-enhanced CT to differentiate hyperattenuating adrenal masses compared with chemical shift MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 24(6):1410-20, 2014
Lattin GE Jr et al: From the radiologic pathology archives: adrenal tumors and tumor-like conditions in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 34(3):805-29, 2014
Sebro R et al: Low yield of chemical shift MRI for characterization of adrenal lesions with high attenuation density on unenhanced CT. Abdom Imaging. 40(2):318-26 2014
Seo JM et al: Characterization of lipid-poor adrenal adenoma: chemical-shift MRI and washout CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(5):1043-50, 2014
Kim YK et al: Adenoma characterization: adrenal protocol with dual-energy CT. Radiology. 267(1):155-63, 2013
Northcutt BG et al: MDCT of adrenal masses: can dual-phase enhancement patterns be used to differentiate adenoma and pheochromocytoma? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(4):834-9, 2013
Patel J et al: Can established CT attenuation and washout criteria for adrenal adenoma accurately exclude pheochromocytoma? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(1):122-7, 2013
Nakamura S et al: Characterization of adrenal lesions using chemical shift MRI: comparison between 1.5 Tesla and two echo time pair selection at 3.0 Tesla MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 35(1):95-102, 2012
Blake MA et al: Adrenal imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(6):1450-60, 2010
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Benign adrenal cortical tumor
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Nagayama Y et al: Adrenal adenomas versus metastases: diagnostic performance of dual-energy spectral CT virtual noncontrast imaging and iodine maps. Radiology. 296(2):324-32, 2020
Corwin MT et al: Differences in growth rate on CT of adrenal adenomas and malignant adrenal nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 213(3):632-6, 2019
Elbanan MG et al: Adrenal cortical adenoma: current update, imaging features, atypical findings, and mimics. Abdom Radiol (NY). 45(4):905-16, 2020
Hekimsoy İ et al: Characterization of adrenal lesions on chemical shift MRI: comparison of 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(10):3359-69, 2019
Liu T et al: Distinguishing adrenal adenomas from non-adenomas with multidetector CT: evaluation of percentage washout values at a short time delay triphasic enhanced CT. Br J Radiol. 92(1094):20180429, 2019
Platzek I et al: Chemical shift imaging for evaluation of adrenal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 29(2):806-17, 2019
Humbert AL et al: The computed tomography adrenal wash-out analysis properly classifies cortisol secreting adrenocortical adenomas. Endocrine. 59(3):529-37, 2018
Mohammed MF et al: Pheochromocytomas versus adenoma: role of venous phase CT enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 210(5):1073-8, 2018
Rocha TO et al: Histogram analysis of adrenal lesions with a single measurement for 10th percentile: feasibility and incremental value for diagnosing adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(6):1227-33, 2018
Thomas AJ et al: Interobserver agreement in distinguishing large adrenal adenomas and adrenocortical carcinomas on computed tomography. Abdom Radiol (NY). 43(11):3101-8, 2018
Tu W et al: Can adrenal adenomas be differentiated from adrenal metastases at single-phase contrast-enhanced CT? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(5):1044-50, 2018
Woo S et al: Pheochromocytoma as a frequent false-positive in adrenal washout CT: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 28(3):1027-36, 2018
Mosconi C et al: Can imaging predict subclinical cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal adenomas? A CT predictive score. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(1):122-9, 2017
Schieda N et al: Update on CT and MRI of adrenal nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1-12, 2017
Wagner-Bartak NA et al: Cushing syndrome: diagnostic workup and imaging features, with clinical and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(1):19-32, 2017
Diolombi ML et al: Diagnostic dilemmas in enlarged and diffusely hemorrhagic adrenal glands. Hum Pathol. 53:63-72, 2016
Warda MH et al: Chemical-shift MRI versus washout CT for characterizing adrenal incidentalomas. Clin Imaging. 40(4):780-7, 2016
Mileto A et al: Dual-energy multidetector CT for the characterization of incidental adrenal nodules: diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced material density analysis. Radiology. 274(2):445-54, 2015
Koo HJ et al: The value of 15-minute delayed contrast-enhanced CT to differentiate hyperattenuating adrenal masses compared with chemical shift MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 24(6):1410-20, 2014
Lattin GE Jr et al: From the radiologic pathology archives: adrenal tumors and tumor-like conditions in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 34(3):805-29, 2014
Sebro R et al: Low yield of chemical shift MRI for characterization of adrenal lesions with high attenuation density on unenhanced CT. Abdom Imaging. 40(2):318-26 2014
Seo JM et al: Characterization of lipid-poor adrenal adenoma: chemical-shift MRI and washout CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(5):1043-50, 2014
Kim YK et al: Adenoma characterization: adrenal protocol with dual-energy CT. Radiology. 267(1):155-63, 2013
Northcutt BG et al: MDCT of adrenal masses: can dual-phase enhancement patterns be used to differentiate adenoma and pheochromocytoma? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(4):834-9, 2013
Patel J et al: Can established CT attenuation and washout criteria for adrenal adenoma accurately exclude pheochromocytoma? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(1):122-7, 2013
Nakamura S et al: Characterization of adrenal lesions using chemical shift MRI: comparison between 1.5 Tesla and two echo time pair selection at 3.0 Tesla MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 35(1):95-102, 2012
Blake MA et al: Adrenal imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(6):1450-60, 2010
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