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Genitourinary
Diagnosis
Adrenal
Malignant Neoplasms
Adrenal Metastases
Adrenal Metastases
Mitchell Tublin, MD; Mark D. Sugi, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Imaging

    • Top Differential Diagnoses

      • Clinical Issues

        • Diagnostic Checklist

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • CT Findings

              • MR Findings

                • Ultrasonographic Findings

                  • Angiographic Findings

                    • Nonvascular Interventions

                      • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                        • Imaging Recommendations

                          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                            PATHOLOGY

                            • General Features

                              • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                • Microscopic Features

                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                  • Presentation

                                    • Demographics

                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                        • Treatment

                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                          • Consider

                                            • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                              Selected References

                                              1. Akbulut S et al: A critical analysis of computed tomography washout in lipid-poor adrenal incidentalomas. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(5):2756-62, 2021
                                              2. McGeorge S et al: Solitary castrate-resistant prostate cancer metastasis to adrenal gland with concordant intense avidity on PSMA and FDG PET. Urol Case Rep. 38:101696, 2021
                                              3. Zhao Q et al: 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in isolated bilateral adrenal metastases from prostate adenocarcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. ePub, 2021
                                              4. Alshahrani MA et al: Bilateral adrenal abnormalities: imaging review of different entities. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(1):154-79, 2019
                                              5. Byeon KH et al: Predictive factors for adrenal metastasis in extra-adrenal malignancy patients with solitary adrenal mass. J Surg Oncol. 118(8):1271-6, 2018
                                              6. Elsayes KM et al: Practical approach to adrenal imaging. Urol Clin North Am. 45(3):365-87, 2018
                                              7. van den Broek J et al: Adrenal incidentalomas during diagnostic work-up of colorectal cancer patients: what is the risk of metastases? Ann Surg Oncol. 25(7):1986-91, 2018
                                              8. Schieda N et al: Update on CT and MRI of adrenal nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1-12, 2017
                                              9. Sasaguri K et al: Differentiation of benign from metastatic adrenal masses in patients with renal cell carcinoma on contrast-enhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(5):1031-8, 2016
                                              10. Hasegawa T et al: Unresectable adrenal metastases: clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation. Radiology. 277(2):584-93, 2015
                                              11. Gunjur A et al: Surgical and ablative therapies for the management of adrenal 'oligometastases' - A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 40(7):838-46, 2014
                                              12. Kandathil A et al: Metabolic and anatomic characteristics of benign and malignant adrenal masses on positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a review of literature. Endocrine. 49(1):6-26 2014
                                              13. Lattin GE Jr et al: From the radiologic pathology archives: adrenal tumors and tumor-like conditions in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 34(3):805-29, 2014
                                              14. Park SY et al: The value of adding (18)F-FDG PET/CT to adrenal protocol CT for characterizing adrenal metastasis (≥ 10 mm) in oncologic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(2):W153-60, 2014
                                              15. Choi YA et al: Evaluation of adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: use of delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 266(2):514-20, 2013
                                              16. Song JH et al: Morphologic features of 211 adrenal masses at initial contrast-enhanced CT: can we differentiate benign from malignant lesions using imaging features alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):1248-53, 2013
                                              17. Song JH et al: The incidental adrenal mass on CT: Prevalence of adrenal disease in 1049 consecutive adrenal masses in patients with no known malignancy. AJR 190: 1163-8; 2008
                                              Related Anatomy
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                                              Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                              References
                                              Tables

                                              Tables

                                              KEY FACTS

                                              • Imaging

                                                • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                  • Clinical Issues

                                                    • Diagnostic Checklist

                                                      IMAGING

                                                      • General Features

                                                        • CT Findings

                                                          • MR Findings

                                                            • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                              • Angiographic Findings

                                                                • Nonvascular Interventions

                                                                  • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                                                                    • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                        PATHOLOGY

                                                                        • General Features

                                                                          • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                            • Microscopic Features

                                                                              CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                              • Presentation

                                                                                • Demographics

                                                                                  • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                    • Treatment

                                                                                      DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                      • Consider

                                                                                        • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                                          Selected References

                                                                                          1. Akbulut S et al: A critical analysis of computed tomography washout in lipid-poor adrenal incidentalomas. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(5):2756-62, 2021
                                                                                          2. McGeorge S et al: Solitary castrate-resistant prostate cancer metastasis to adrenal gland with concordant intense avidity on PSMA and FDG PET. Urol Case Rep. 38:101696, 2021
                                                                                          3. Zhao Q et al: 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in isolated bilateral adrenal metastases from prostate adenocarcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. ePub, 2021
                                                                                          4. Alshahrani MA et al: Bilateral adrenal abnormalities: imaging review of different entities. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(1):154-79, 2019
                                                                                          5. Byeon KH et al: Predictive factors for adrenal metastasis in extra-adrenal malignancy patients with solitary adrenal mass. J Surg Oncol. 118(8):1271-6, 2018
                                                                                          6. Elsayes KM et al: Practical approach to adrenal imaging. Urol Clin North Am. 45(3):365-87, 2018
                                                                                          7. van den Broek J et al: Adrenal incidentalomas during diagnostic work-up of colorectal cancer patients: what is the risk of metastases? Ann Surg Oncol. 25(7):1986-91, 2018
                                                                                          8. Schieda N et al: Update on CT and MRI of adrenal nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1-12, 2017
                                                                                          9. Sasaguri K et al: Differentiation of benign from metastatic adrenal masses in patients with renal cell carcinoma on contrast-enhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(5):1031-8, 2016
                                                                                          10. Hasegawa T et al: Unresectable adrenal metastases: clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation. Radiology. 277(2):584-93, 2015
                                                                                          11. Gunjur A et al: Surgical and ablative therapies for the management of adrenal 'oligometastases' - A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 40(7):838-46, 2014
                                                                                          12. Kandathil A et al: Metabolic and anatomic characteristics of benign and malignant adrenal masses on positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a review of literature. Endocrine. 49(1):6-26 2014
                                                                                          13. Lattin GE Jr et al: From the radiologic pathology archives: adrenal tumors and tumor-like conditions in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 34(3):805-29, 2014
                                                                                          14. Park SY et al: The value of adding (18)F-FDG PET/CT to adrenal protocol CT for characterizing adrenal metastasis (≥ 10 mm) in oncologic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(2):W153-60, 2014
                                                                                          15. Choi YA et al: Evaluation of adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: use of delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 266(2):514-20, 2013
                                                                                          16. Song JH et al: Morphologic features of 211 adrenal masses at initial contrast-enhanced CT: can we differentiate benign from malignant lesions using imaging features alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):1248-53, 2013
                                                                                          17. Song JH et al: The incidental adrenal mass on CT: Prevalence of adrenal disease in 1049 consecutive adrenal masses in patients with no known malignancy. AJR 190: 1163-8; 2008