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KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Sandström T et al: Cervical spine involvement is very rare in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated actively with treat to target strategy. ten-year results of the NEORACo Study. J Rheumatol. ePub, 2019
- Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4:18002, 2018
- Gyllenhammar T et al: Young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but not subjects at risk, show decreased myocardial perfusion reserve quantified with CMR. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 15(12):1350-7, 2014
- Ichida F: Cardiovascular events in pregnancy with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 78(10):2386-7, 2014
- Yurube T et al: Accelerated development of cervical spine instabilities in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective minimum 5-year cohort study. PLoS One. 9(2):e88970, 2014
- Maron BJ et al: The 25-year genetic era in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: revisited. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 7(4):401-4, 2014
- Landi A et al: Pannus regression after posterior decompression and occipito-cervical fixation in occipito-atlanto-axial instability due to rheumatoid arthritis: case report and literature review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115(2):111-6, 2013
- Choy E: Understanding the dynamics: pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 51 Suppl 5:v3-v11, 2012
- van Vollenhoven RF et al: Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. Lancet. 379(9827):1712-20, 2012
- Kwong Y et al: Craniometric measurements in the assessment of craniovertebral settling: are they still relevant in the age of cross-sectional imaging? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(4):W421-5, 2011
- Myasoedova E et al: Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 70(3):482-7, 2011
- Saevarsdottir S et al: Predictors of response to methotrexate in early DMARD naive rheumatoid arthritis: results from the initial open-label phase of the SWEFOT trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 70(3):469-75, 2011
- Aletaha D et al: 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 62(9):2569-81, 2010
- Krauss WE et al: Rheumatoid arthritis of the craniovertebral junction. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):83-95, 2010
- Wolfs JF et al: Neurologic outcome of surgical and conservative treatment of rheumatoid cervical spine subluxation: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 61(12):1743-52, 2009
- Goel A et al: Immediate postoperative regression of retroodontoid pannus after lateral mass reconstruction in a patient with rheumatoid disease of the craniovertebral junction. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 9(3):273-6, 2008
- Kim DH et al: Rheumatoid arthritis in the cervical spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 13(7):463-74, 2005
- Shen FH et al: Rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation and surgical management of the cervical spine. Spine J. 4(6):689-700, 2004
- Neva MH et al: Early and extensive erosiveness in peripheral joints predicts atlantoaxial subluxations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48(7):1808-13, 2003
- Roche CJ et al: The rheumatoid cervical spine: signs of instability on plain cervical radiographs. Clin Radiol. 57(4):241-9, 2002
- Riew KD et al: Diagnosing basilar invagination in the rheumatoid patient. The reliability of radiographic criteria. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 83-A(2):194-200, 2001
- Riise T et al: High mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and atlantoaxial subluxation. J Rheumatol. 28(11):2425-9, 2001
- Janssen H et al: MR imaging of arthritides of the cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):491-512, 2000
- Neva MH et al: Prevalence of radiological changes in the cervical spine--a cross sectional study after 20 years from presentation of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 27(1):90-3, 2000
- Puttlitz CM et al: Biomechanical rationale for the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis in the craniovertebral junction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 25(13):1607-16, 2000
- Zoli A et al: Craniocervical junction involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and radiological study. J Rheumatol. 27(5):1178-82, 2000
- El-Khoury GY et al: Cranial settling in rheumatoid arthritis. Radiology. 137(3):637-42, 1980
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Sandström T et al: Cervical spine involvement is very rare in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated actively with treat to target strategy. ten-year results of the NEORACo Study. J Rheumatol. ePub, 2019
- Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4:18002, 2018
- Gyllenhammar T et al: Young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but not subjects at risk, show decreased myocardial perfusion reserve quantified with CMR. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 15(12):1350-7, 2014
- Ichida F: Cardiovascular events in pregnancy with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 78(10):2386-7, 2014
- Yurube T et al: Accelerated development of cervical spine instabilities in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective minimum 5-year cohort study. PLoS One. 9(2):e88970, 2014
- Maron BJ et al: The 25-year genetic era in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: revisited. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 7(4):401-4, 2014
- Landi A et al: Pannus regression after posterior decompression and occipito-cervical fixation in occipito-atlanto-axial instability due to rheumatoid arthritis: case report and literature review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115(2):111-6, 2013
- Choy E: Understanding the dynamics: pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 51 Suppl 5:v3-v11, 2012
- van Vollenhoven RF et al: Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. Lancet. 379(9827):1712-20, 2012
- Kwong Y et al: Craniometric measurements in the assessment of craniovertebral settling: are they still relevant in the age of cross-sectional imaging? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(4):W421-5, 2011
- Myasoedova E et al: Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 70(3):482-7, 2011
- Saevarsdottir S et al: Predictors of response to methotrexate in early DMARD naive rheumatoid arthritis: results from the initial open-label phase of the SWEFOT trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 70(3):469-75, 2011
- Aletaha D et al: 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 62(9):2569-81, 2010
- Krauss WE et al: Rheumatoid arthritis of the craniovertebral junction. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):83-95, 2010
- Wolfs JF et al: Neurologic outcome of surgical and conservative treatment of rheumatoid cervical spine subluxation: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 61(12):1743-52, 2009
- Goel A et al: Immediate postoperative regression of retroodontoid pannus after lateral mass reconstruction in a patient with rheumatoid disease of the craniovertebral junction. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 9(3):273-6, 2008
- Kim DH et al: Rheumatoid arthritis in the cervical spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 13(7):463-74, 2005
- Shen FH et al: Rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation and surgical management of the cervical spine. Spine J. 4(6):689-700, 2004
- Neva MH et al: Early and extensive erosiveness in peripheral joints predicts atlantoaxial subluxations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48(7):1808-13, 2003
- Roche CJ et al: The rheumatoid cervical spine: signs of instability on plain cervical radiographs. Clin Radiol. 57(4):241-9, 2002
- Riew KD et al: Diagnosing basilar invagination in the rheumatoid patient. The reliability of radiographic criteria. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 83-A(2):194-200, 2001
- Riise T et al: High mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and atlantoaxial subluxation. J Rheumatol. 28(11):2425-9, 2001
- Janssen H et al: MR imaging of arthritides of the cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):491-512, 2000
- Neva MH et al: Prevalence of radiological changes in the cervical spine--a cross sectional study after 20 years from presentation of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 27(1):90-3, 2000
- Puttlitz CM et al: Biomechanical rationale for the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis in the craniovertebral junction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 25(13):1607-16, 2000
- Zoli A et al: Craniocervical junction involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and radiological study. J Rheumatol. 27(5):1178-82, 2000
- El-Khoury GY et al: Cranial settling in rheumatoid arthritis. Radiology. 137(3):637-42, 1980
