Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Imperforate anus
- Anorectal atresia
Definitions
- High anal atresia: Above levator sling, no perineal fistula
- Low anal atresia: Below levator sling, perineal opening
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ahn JH et al: Accompanied anomalies in anal atresia or tracheo-esophageal fistula: comparison with or without VACTERL association. Birth Defects Res. ePub, 2021
- Su YM et al: Prenatal evaluation for detection of anorectal atresia: value of ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 38(6):1501-9, 2019
- Bronshtein M et al: Transient distention of right posterior located sigma, a new sonographic sign for the prenatal diagnosis of anal atresia. J Clin Ultrasound. 45(3):160-2, 2017
- Lau PE et al: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal gastrointestinal obstruction. J Pediatr Surg. 52(5):722-5, 2017
- Lee MY et al: Sonographic determination of type in a fetal imperforate anus. J Ultrasound Med. 35(6):1285-91, 2016
- Bischoff A et al: Update on the management of anorectal malformations. Pediatr Surg Int. 29(9):899-904, 2013
- Podberesky DJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of anorectal malformations. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 21(4):791-812, 2013
- Gindes L et al: 3-Dimensional demonstration of fetal anal canal and sphincter. Ultraschall Med. 33(7):E25-30, 2012
- Ochoa JH et al: Evaluation of the perianal muscular complex in the prenatal diagnosis of anorectal atresia in a high-risk population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 39(5):521-7, 2012
- Novikova I et al: First trimester sonographic features of anorectal atresia: report of two cases. Prenat Diagn. 31(9):907-9, 2011
- Vijayaraghavan SB et al: Sonographic depiction of the fetal anus and its utility in the diagnosis of anorectal malformations. J Ultrasound Med. 30(1):37-45, 2011
- Zwink N et al: Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 6:25, 2011
- Khatib N et al: Fetal bowel calcifications: a sign of anal atresia with rectourethral fistula. J Clin Ultrasound. 38(6):332-4, 2010
- Moon MH et al: In-utero development of the fetal anal sphincter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 35(5):556-9, 2010
- Rintala RJ et al: Imperforate anus: long- and short-term outcome. Semin Pediatr Surg. 17(2):79-89, 2008
- Rolle U et al: Bladder outlet obstruction causes fetal enterolithiasis in anorectal malformation with rectourinary fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 43(4):e11-3, 2008
- Ben-Neriah Z et al: OEIS complex: prenatal ultrasound and autopsy findings. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 29(2):170-7, 2007
- Escobar LF et al: Urorectal septum malformation sequence: prenatal progression, clinical report, and embryology review. Am J Med Genet A. 143A(22):2722-6, 2007
- Brantberg A et al: Imperforate anus: a relatively common anomaly rarely diagnosed prenatally. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 28(7):904-10, 2006
- Garel C et al: Contribution of fetal magnetic resonance imaging and amniotic fluid digestive enzyme assays to the evaluation of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 28(3):282-91, 2006
- Gilbert CE et al: Changing antenatal sonographic appearance of anorectal atresia from first to third trimesters. J Ultrasound Med. 25(6):781-4, 2006
- Pohl-Schickinger A et al: Echogenic foci in the dilated fetal colon may be associated with the presence of a rectourinary fistula. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 28(3):341-4, 2006
- Kubiak R et al: Isolated imperforate anus in monozygotic twins: case report and implications. J Pediatr Surg. 40(3):E1-4, 2005
- Taipale P et al: First-trimester diagnosis of imperforate anus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 25(2):187-8, 2005
- Veyrac C et al: MRI of fetal GI tract abnormalities. Abdom Imaging. 29(4):411-20, 2004
- Lam YH et al: Sonographic features of anal atresia at 12 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 19(5):523-4, 2002
- Sepulveda W et al: Prenatal diagnosis of enterolithiasis: a sign of fetal large bowel obstruction. J Ultrasound Med. 13(7):581-5, 1994
- Harris RD et al: Anorectal atresia: prenatal sonographic diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 149(2):395-400, 1987
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Imperforate anus
- Anorectal atresia
Definitions
- High anal atresia: Above levator sling, no perineal fistula
- Low anal atresia: Below levator sling, perineal opening
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ahn JH et al: Accompanied anomalies in anal atresia or tracheo-esophageal fistula: comparison with or without VACTERL association. Birth Defects Res. ePub, 2021
- Su YM et al: Prenatal evaluation for detection of anorectal atresia: value of ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 38(6):1501-9, 2019
- Bronshtein M et al: Transient distention of right posterior located sigma, a new sonographic sign for the prenatal diagnosis of anal atresia. J Clin Ultrasound. 45(3):160-2, 2017
- Lau PE et al: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal gastrointestinal obstruction. J Pediatr Surg. 52(5):722-5, 2017
- Lee MY et al: Sonographic determination of type in a fetal imperforate anus. J Ultrasound Med. 35(6):1285-91, 2016
- Bischoff A et al: Update on the management of anorectal malformations. Pediatr Surg Int. 29(9):899-904, 2013
- Podberesky DJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of anorectal malformations. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 21(4):791-812, 2013
- Gindes L et al: 3-Dimensional demonstration of fetal anal canal and sphincter. Ultraschall Med. 33(7):E25-30, 2012
- Ochoa JH et al: Evaluation of the perianal muscular complex in the prenatal diagnosis of anorectal atresia in a high-risk population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 39(5):521-7, 2012
- Novikova I et al: First trimester sonographic features of anorectal atresia: report of two cases. Prenat Diagn. 31(9):907-9, 2011
- Vijayaraghavan SB et al: Sonographic depiction of the fetal anus and its utility in the diagnosis of anorectal malformations. J Ultrasound Med. 30(1):37-45, 2011
- Zwink N et al: Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 6:25, 2011
- Khatib N et al: Fetal bowel calcifications: a sign of anal atresia with rectourethral fistula. J Clin Ultrasound. 38(6):332-4, 2010
- Moon MH et al: In-utero development of the fetal anal sphincter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 35(5):556-9, 2010
- Rintala RJ et al: Imperforate anus: long- and short-term outcome. Semin Pediatr Surg. 17(2):79-89, 2008
- Rolle U et al: Bladder outlet obstruction causes fetal enterolithiasis in anorectal malformation with rectourinary fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 43(4):e11-3, 2008
- Ben-Neriah Z et al: OEIS complex: prenatal ultrasound and autopsy findings. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 29(2):170-7, 2007
- Escobar LF et al: Urorectal septum malformation sequence: prenatal progression, clinical report, and embryology review. Am J Med Genet A. 143A(22):2722-6, 2007
- Brantberg A et al: Imperforate anus: a relatively common anomaly rarely diagnosed prenatally. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 28(7):904-10, 2006
- Garel C et al: Contribution of fetal magnetic resonance imaging and amniotic fluid digestive enzyme assays to the evaluation of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 28(3):282-91, 2006
- Gilbert CE et al: Changing antenatal sonographic appearance of anorectal atresia from first to third trimesters. J Ultrasound Med. 25(6):781-4, 2006
- Pohl-Schickinger A et al: Echogenic foci in the dilated fetal colon may be associated with the presence of a rectourinary fistula. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 28(3):341-4, 2006
- Kubiak R et al: Isolated imperforate anus in monozygotic twins: case report and implications. J Pediatr Surg. 40(3):E1-4, 2005
- Taipale P et al: First-trimester diagnosis of imperforate anus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 25(2):187-8, 2005
- Veyrac C et al: MRI of fetal GI tract abnormalities. Abdom Imaging. 29(4):411-20, 2004
- Lam YH et al: Sonographic features of anal atresia at 12 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 19(5):523-4, 2002
- Sepulveda W et al: Prenatal diagnosis of enterolithiasis: a sign of fetal large bowel obstruction. J Ultrasound Med. 13(7):581-5, 1994
- Harris RD et al: Anorectal atresia: prenatal sonographic diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 149(2):395-400, 1987
