Partial or complete functional disruption of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) mechanism
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Filbay SR et al: Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 33(1):33-47, 2019
Griffith JF et al: Top-ten tips for imaging the ACL. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 23(4):444-52, 2019
Lefevre N et al: Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: diagnostic performance of isotropic three-dimensional fast spin echo (3D-FSE-Cube) MRI. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 24(1):85-91, 2014
Park HJ et al: Comparison between arthroscopic findings and 1.5-T and 3-T MRI of oblique coronal and sagittal planes of the knee for evaluation of selective bundle injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(2):W199-206, 2014
Ng AW et al: MRI diagnosis of ACL bundle tears: value of oblique axial imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 42(2):209-17, 2013
Van Dyck P et al: Stable or unstable tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: an MR diagnosis? Skeletal Radiol. 41(3):273-80, 2012
Aglietti P et al: Comparison between single-and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 38(1):25-34, 2010
Smith TO et al: Early versus delayed surgery for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 18(3):304-11, 2010
Todd MS et al: The relationship between posterior tibial slope and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 38(1):63-7, 2010
van Eck CF et al: Does the lateral intercondylar ridge disappear in ACL deficient patients? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 18(9):1184-8, 2010
Brophy RH et al: Effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and meniscectomy on length of career in National Football League athletes: a case control study. Am J Sports Med. 37(11):2102-7, 2009
Cohen SB et al: MRI measurement of the 2 bundles of the normal anterior cruciate ligament. Orthopedics. 32(9), 2009
Giuliani JR et al: Anterior cruciate ligament anatomy: a review of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. J Knee Surg. 22(2):148-54, 2009
Nin JR et al: Has platelet-rich plasma any role in anterior cruciate ligament allograft healing? Arthroscopy. 25(11):1206-13, 2009
Sonnery-Cottet B et al: Arthroscopic identification of isolated tear of the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 25(7):728-32, 2009
Sun K et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy. 25(7):750-9, 2009
Yoon KH et al: Standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction versus isolated single-bundle augmentation with hamstring autograft. Arthroscopy. 25(11):1265-74, 2009
Cha JH et al: Relationship between mucoid hypertrophy of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and morphologic change of the intercondylar notch: MRI and arthroscopy correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 37(9):821-6, 2008
De Smet AA et al: Clinical and MRI findings associated with false-positive knee MR diagnoses of medial meniscal tears. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(1):93-9, 2008
Nishimori M et al: Articular cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 16(3):270-4, 2008
Vinson EN et al: Association of peripheral vertical meniscal tears with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Skeletal Radiol. 37(7):645-51, 2008
Viskontas DG et al: Bone bruises associated with ACL rupture: correlation with injury mechanism. Am J Sports Med. 36(5):927-33, 2008
Klass D et al: MR imaging of acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Knee. 14(5):339-47, 2007
Starman JS et al: Assessment of normal ACL double bundle anatomy in standard viewing planes by magnetic resonance imaging. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 15(5):493-9, 2007
Petersen W et al: Partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 22(11):1143-5, 2006
Stevens KJ et al: Anterior cruciate ligament tears and associated injuries. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 17(5):347-62, 2006
Prince JS et al: MRI of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and associated findings in the pediatric knee: changes with skeletal maturation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(3):756-62, 2005
Fayad LM et al: MR imaging of anterior cruciate ligament tears: is there a gender gap? Skeletal Radiol. 32(11):639-46, 2003
Ho CP et al: MR imaging of knee anterior cruciate ligament and associated injuries in skiers. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(1):117-30, 1999
Kaplan PA et al: Bone contusions of the posterior lip of the medial tibial plateau (contrecoup injury) and associated internal derangements of the knee at MR imaging. Radiology. 211(3):747-53, 1999
Dimond PM et al: A comparison of MRI findings in patients with acute and chronic ACL tears. Am J Knee Surg. 11(3):153-9, 1998
Roychowdhury S et al: Using MR imaging to diagnose partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: value of axial images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 168(6):1487-91, 1997
Barry KP et al: Accuracy of MRI patterns in evaluating anterior cruciate ligament tears. Skeletal Radiol. 25(4):365-70, 1996
Robertson PL et al: Anterior cruciate ligament tears: evaluation of multiple signs with MR imaging. Radiology. 193(3):829-34, 1994
Jones AR et al: A deep lateral femoral notch as a sign of acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament. Injury. 24(9):601-2, 1993
Remer EM et al: Anterior cruciate ligament injury: MR imaging diagnosis and patterns of injury. Radiographics. 12(5):901-15, 1992
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Anterior cruciate ligament tear/rupture
Definitions
Partial or complete functional disruption of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) mechanism
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Filbay SR et al: Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 33(1):33-47, 2019
Griffith JF et al: Top-ten tips for imaging the ACL. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 23(4):444-52, 2019
Lefevre N et al: Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: diagnostic performance of isotropic three-dimensional fast spin echo (3D-FSE-Cube) MRI. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 24(1):85-91, 2014
Park HJ et al: Comparison between arthroscopic findings and 1.5-T and 3-T MRI of oblique coronal and sagittal planes of the knee for evaluation of selective bundle injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(2):W199-206, 2014
Ng AW et al: MRI diagnosis of ACL bundle tears: value of oblique axial imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 42(2):209-17, 2013
Van Dyck P et al: Stable or unstable tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: an MR diagnosis? Skeletal Radiol. 41(3):273-80, 2012
Aglietti P et al: Comparison between single-and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 38(1):25-34, 2010
Smith TO et al: Early versus delayed surgery for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 18(3):304-11, 2010
Todd MS et al: The relationship between posterior tibial slope and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 38(1):63-7, 2010
van Eck CF et al: Does the lateral intercondylar ridge disappear in ACL deficient patients? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 18(9):1184-8, 2010
Brophy RH et al: Effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and meniscectomy on length of career in National Football League athletes: a case control study. Am J Sports Med. 37(11):2102-7, 2009
Cohen SB et al: MRI measurement of the 2 bundles of the normal anterior cruciate ligament. Orthopedics. 32(9), 2009
Giuliani JR et al: Anterior cruciate ligament anatomy: a review of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. J Knee Surg. 22(2):148-54, 2009
Nin JR et al: Has platelet-rich plasma any role in anterior cruciate ligament allograft healing? Arthroscopy. 25(11):1206-13, 2009
Sonnery-Cottet B et al: Arthroscopic identification of isolated tear of the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 25(7):728-32, 2009
Sun K et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy. 25(7):750-9, 2009
Yoon KH et al: Standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction versus isolated single-bundle augmentation with hamstring autograft. Arthroscopy. 25(11):1265-74, 2009
Cha JH et al: Relationship between mucoid hypertrophy of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and morphologic change of the intercondylar notch: MRI and arthroscopy correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 37(9):821-6, 2008
De Smet AA et al: Clinical and MRI findings associated with false-positive knee MR diagnoses of medial meniscal tears. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(1):93-9, 2008
Nishimori M et al: Articular cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 16(3):270-4, 2008
Vinson EN et al: Association of peripheral vertical meniscal tears with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Skeletal Radiol. 37(7):645-51, 2008
Viskontas DG et al: Bone bruises associated with ACL rupture: correlation with injury mechanism. Am J Sports Med. 36(5):927-33, 2008
Klass D et al: MR imaging of acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Knee. 14(5):339-47, 2007
Starman JS et al: Assessment of normal ACL double bundle anatomy in standard viewing planes by magnetic resonance imaging. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 15(5):493-9, 2007
Petersen W et al: Partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 22(11):1143-5, 2006
Stevens KJ et al: Anterior cruciate ligament tears and associated injuries. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 17(5):347-62, 2006
Prince JS et al: MRI of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and associated findings in the pediatric knee: changes with skeletal maturation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(3):756-62, 2005
Fayad LM et al: MR imaging of anterior cruciate ligament tears: is there a gender gap? Skeletal Radiol. 32(11):639-46, 2003
Ho CP et al: MR imaging of knee anterior cruciate ligament and associated injuries in skiers. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(1):117-30, 1999
Kaplan PA et al: Bone contusions of the posterior lip of the medial tibial plateau (contrecoup injury) and associated internal derangements of the knee at MR imaging. Radiology. 211(3):747-53, 1999
Dimond PM et al: A comparison of MRI findings in patients with acute and chronic ACL tears. Am J Knee Surg. 11(3):153-9, 1998
Roychowdhury S et al: Using MR imaging to diagnose partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: value of axial images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 168(6):1487-91, 1997
Barry KP et al: Accuracy of MRI patterns in evaluating anterior cruciate ligament tears. Skeletal Radiol. 25(4):365-70, 1996
Robertson PL et al: Anterior cruciate ligament tears: evaluation of multiple signs with MR imaging. Radiology. 193(3):829-34, 1994
Jones AR et al: A deep lateral femoral notch as a sign of acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament. Injury. 24(9):601-2, 1993
Remer EM et al: Anterior cruciate ligament injury: MR imaging diagnosis and patterns of injury. Radiographics. 12(5):901-15, 1992
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