Refers to maintenance of constant length and tension of graft through normal ROM
Blumensaat line: slope of intercondylar notch roof in sagittal plane
Slope angle: sagittal graft angle, measured relative to Blumensaat line
Cyclops lesion
Focal synovial hypertrophy and fibrosis anterior to reconstructed ACL
"Hard" nodule: restricts terminal knee extension
"Soft" cyclopoid scar: less likely to cause motion restriction
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Garcia S et al: Anterior cruciate ligament re-tear and revision reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 13(3):369-78, 2020
Somanathan A et al: Review of magnetic resonance imaging features of complications after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Singapore Med J. 60(2):63-8, 2019
Daniels SP et al: Arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: what the radiologist needs to know. Skeletal Radiol. 47(5):619-29, 2018
Srinivasan R et al: Knee imaging following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the surgeon's and radiologist's perspectives. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 22(4):386-97, 2018
Zappia M et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging findings. Musculoskelet Surg. 101(Suppl 1):23-35, 2017
Kiekara T et al: Tunnel communication and increased graft signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging of double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 30(12):1595-601, 2014
Ntoulia A et al: Evaluation with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament graft during its healing process: a two-year prospective study. Skeletal Radiol. 42(4):541-52, 2013
Ghazikhanian V et al: Tibial tunnel and pretibial cysts following ACL graft reconstruction: MR imaging diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol. 41(11):1375-9, 2012
Kiekara T et al: MRI of double-bundle ACL reconstruction: evaluation of graft findings. Skeletal Radiol. 41(7):835-42, 2012
Naraghi AM et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging signs of anterior knee laxity in the presence of an intact graft. Radiology. 263(3):802-10, 2012
Bakhru P et al: MRI of broken bioabsorbable crosspin fixation in hamstring graft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Skeletal Radiol. 40(6):737-43, 2011
Bencardino JT et al: MR imaging of complications of anterior cruciate ligament graft reconstruction. Radiographics. 29(7):2115-26, 2009
Casagranda BU et al: Normal appearance and complications of double-bundle and selective-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using optimal MRI techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 May;192(5):1407-15. Review. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(6):1454, 2009
Pritchett JW: Assisted reproduction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Knee Surg. 22(4):325-30, 2009
Takeda Y et al: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging measurement of tibiofemoral relation with different knee flexion angles after single- and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Arthroscopy. 25(7):733-41, 2009
Lee GH et al: The incidence of acute patellar tendon harvest complications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 24(2):162-6, 2008
Pombo MW et al: Anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: where are we today? Arthroscopy. 24(10):1168-77, 2008
McCauley TR: MR imaging evaluation of the postoperative knee. Radiology. 234(1):53-61, 2005
Papakonstantinou O et al: Complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 13(5):1106-17, 2003
Hodler J et al: The cruciate ligaments of the knee: correlation between MR appearance and gross and histologic findings in cadaveric specimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 159(2):357-60, 1992
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Definitions
Graft isometry
Refers to maintenance of constant length and tension of graft through normal ROM
Blumensaat line: slope of intercondylar notch roof in sagittal plane
Slope angle: sagittal graft angle, measured relative to Blumensaat line
Cyclops lesion
Focal synovial hypertrophy and fibrosis anterior to reconstructed ACL
"Hard" nodule: restricts terminal knee extension
"Soft" cyclopoid scar: less likely to cause motion restriction
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Garcia S et al: Anterior cruciate ligament re-tear and revision reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 13(3):369-78, 2020
Somanathan A et al: Review of magnetic resonance imaging features of complications after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Singapore Med J. 60(2):63-8, 2019
Daniels SP et al: Arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: what the radiologist needs to know. Skeletal Radiol. 47(5):619-29, 2018
Srinivasan R et al: Knee imaging following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the surgeon's and radiologist's perspectives. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 22(4):386-97, 2018
Zappia M et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging findings. Musculoskelet Surg. 101(Suppl 1):23-35, 2017
Kiekara T et al: Tunnel communication and increased graft signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging of double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 30(12):1595-601, 2014
Ntoulia A et al: Evaluation with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament graft during its healing process: a two-year prospective study. Skeletal Radiol. 42(4):541-52, 2013
Ghazikhanian V et al: Tibial tunnel and pretibial cysts following ACL graft reconstruction: MR imaging diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol. 41(11):1375-9, 2012
Kiekara T et al: MRI of double-bundle ACL reconstruction: evaluation of graft findings. Skeletal Radiol. 41(7):835-42, 2012
Naraghi AM et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging signs of anterior knee laxity in the presence of an intact graft. Radiology. 263(3):802-10, 2012
Bakhru P et al: MRI of broken bioabsorbable crosspin fixation in hamstring graft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Skeletal Radiol. 40(6):737-43, 2011
Bencardino JT et al: MR imaging of complications of anterior cruciate ligament graft reconstruction. Radiographics. 29(7):2115-26, 2009
Casagranda BU et al: Normal appearance and complications of double-bundle and selective-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using optimal MRI techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 May;192(5):1407-15. Review. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(6):1454, 2009
Pritchett JW: Assisted reproduction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Knee Surg. 22(4):325-30, 2009
Takeda Y et al: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging measurement of tibiofemoral relation with different knee flexion angles after single- and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Arthroscopy. 25(7):733-41, 2009
Lee GH et al: The incidence of acute patellar tendon harvest complications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 24(2):162-6, 2008
Pombo MW et al: Anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: where are we today? Arthroscopy. 24(10):1168-77, 2008
McCauley TR: MR imaging evaluation of the postoperative knee. Radiology. 234(1):53-61, 2005
Papakonstantinou O et al: Complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 13(5):1106-17, 2003
Hodler J et al: The cruciate ligaments of the knee: correlation between MR appearance and gross and histologic findings in cadaveric specimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 159(2):357-60, 1992
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