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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Petrous apicitis, confluent apical petrositis
Definitions
- Extension of otomastoiditis (OM) into pneumatized petrous apex (PA), resulting in suppurative apical petrositis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Chengazi HV et al: Emergency radiologic approach to mastoid air cell fluid. Emerg Radiol. 28(3):633-40, 2021
- McLaren J et al: How well do we know Gradenigo? A comprehensive literature review and proposal for novel diagnostic categories of Gradenigo's syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 132:109942, 2020
- Campion T et al: Imaging of temporal bone inflammations in children: a pictorial review. Neuroradiology. 61(9):959-70, 2019
- Gadre AK et al: The changing face of petrous apicitis-a 40-year experience. Laryngoscope. 128(1):195-201, 2018
- Choi KY et al: Petrositis with bilateral abducens nerve palsies complicated by acute otitis media. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 7(1):59-62, 2014
- Kong SK et al: Acute otitis media-induced petrous apicitis presenting as the Gradenigo syndrome: successfully treated by ventilation tube insertion. Am J Otolaryngol. 32(5):445-7, 2011
- Ibrahim M et al: Diffusion-weighted MRI identifies petrous apex abscess in Gradenigo syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 30(1):34-6, 2010
- Lemmerling MM et al: Imaging of inflammatory and infectious diseases in the temporal bone. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 19(3):321-37, 2009
- Connor SE et al: Imaging of the petrous apex: a pictorial review. Br J Radiol. 81(965):427-35, 2008
- Fournier HD et al: Surgical anatomy of the petrous apex and petroclival region. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 32:91-146, 2007
- Koral K et al: Petrous apicitis in a child: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Clin Imaging. 30(2):137-9, 2006
- Lee YH et al: CT, MRI and gallium SPECT in the diagnosis and treatment of petrous apicitis presenting as multiple cranial neuropathies. Br J Radiol. 78(934):948-51, 2005
- Park SN et al: Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis secondary to petrous apicitis: a case report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128(2): 284-6, 2003
- Mathew L et al: Gradenigo's syndrome: findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Postgrad Med. 48(4): 314-6, 2002
- Price T et al: Abducens nerve palsy as the sole presenting symptom of petrous apicitis. J Laryngol Otol. 116(9): 726-9, 2002
- Somers TJ et al: Chronic petrous apicitis with pericarotid extension into the neck in a child. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 110(10): 988-91, 2001
- Dave AV et al: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of Gradenigo syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 124(4): 568-70, 1997
- Murakami T et al: Gradenigo's syndrome: CT and MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 26(9): 684-5, 1996
- Hardjasudarma M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of Gradenigo's syndrome. Am J Otolaryngol. 16(4): 247-50, 1995
- Tutuncuoglu S et al: Gradenigo syndrome: a case report. Pediatr Radiol. 23(7):556, 1993
- Frates MC et al: Petrous apicitis: evaluation by bone SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 15(5): 293-4, 1990
- Chole RA: Petrous apicitis: surgical anatomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 94(3): 251-7, 1985
- Contrucci RB et al: Petrous apicitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 64(9): 427-31, 1985
- Kearns DB et al: Tuberculous petrous apicitis. Arch Otolaryngol. 111(6): 406-8, 1985
- Chole RA et al: Petrous apicitis. Clinical considerations. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 92(6 Pt 1): 544-51, 1983
- Allam AF et al: Pathology of petrositis. Laryngoscope. 78(11):1813-32, 1968
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Petrous apicitis, confluent apical petrositis
Definitions
- Extension of otomastoiditis (OM) into pneumatized petrous apex (PA), resulting in suppurative apical petrositis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Chengazi HV et al: Emergency radiologic approach to mastoid air cell fluid. Emerg Radiol. 28(3):633-40, 2021
- McLaren J et al: How well do we know Gradenigo? A comprehensive literature review and proposal for novel diagnostic categories of Gradenigo's syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 132:109942, 2020
- Campion T et al: Imaging of temporal bone inflammations in children: a pictorial review. Neuroradiology. 61(9):959-70, 2019
- Gadre AK et al: The changing face of petrous apicitis-a 40-year experience. Laryngoscope. 128(1):195-201, 2018
- Choi KY et al: Petrositis with bilateral abducens nerve palsies complicated by acute otitis media. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 7(1):59-62, 2014
- Kong SK et al: Acute otitis media-induced petrous apicitis presenting as the Gradenigo syndrome: successfully treated by ventilation tube insertion. Am J Otolaryngol. 32(5):445-7, 2011
- Ibrahim M et al: Diffusion-weighted MRI identifies petrous apex abscess in Gradenigo syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 30(1):34-6, 2010
- Lemmerling MM et al: Imaging of inflammatory and infectious diseases in the temporal bone. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 19(3):321-37, 2009
- Connor SE et al: Imaging of the petrous apex: a pictorial review. Br J Radiol. 81(965):427-35, 2008
- Fournier HD et al: Surgical anatomy of the petrous apex and petroclival region. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 32:91-146, 2007
- Koral K et al: Petrous apicitis in a child: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Clin Imaging. 30(2):137-9, 2006
- Lee YH et al: CT, MRI and gallium SPECT in the diagnosis and treatment of petrous apicitis presenting as multiple cranial neuropathies. Br J Radiol. 78(934):948-51, 2005
- Park SN et al: Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis secondary to petrous apicitis: a case report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128(2): 284-6, 2003
- Mathew L et al: Gradenigo's syndrome: findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Postgrad Med. 48(4): 314-6, 2002
- Price T et al: Abducens nerve palsy as the sole presenting symptom of petrous apicitis. J Laryngol Otol. 116(9): 726-9, 2002
- Somers TJ et al: Chronic petrous apicitis with pericarotid extension into the neck in a child. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 110(10): 988-91, 2001
- Dave AV et al: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of Gradenigo syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 124(4): 568-70, 1997
- Murakami T et al: Gradenigo's syndrome: CT and MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 26(9): 684-5, 1996
- Hardjasudarma M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of Gradenigo's syndrome. Am J Otolaryngol. 16(4): 247-50, 1995
- Tutuncuoglu S et al: Gradenigo syndrome: a case report. Pediatr Radiol. 23(7):556, 1993
- Frates MC et al: Petrous apicitis: evaluation by bone SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 15(5): 293-4, 1990
- Chole RA: Petrous apicitis: surgical anatomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 94(3): 251-7, 1985
- Contrucci RB et al: Petrous apicitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 64(9): 427-31, 1985
- Kearns DB et al: Tuberculous petrous apicitis. Arch Otolaryngol. 111(6): 406-8, 1985
- Chole RA et al: Petrous apicitis. Clinical considerations. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 92(6 Pt 1): 544-51, 1983
- Allam AF et al: Pathology of petrositis. Laryngoscope. 78(11):1813-32, 1968
