Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): High-flow vascular malformation with AV shunting through complex nidus of arterioles & venules (without intervening capillary bed)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
de Castro-Afonso LH et al: Association between draining vein diameters and intracranial arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage: a multicentric retrospective study. Neuroradiology. 62(11):1497-505, 2020
Hong S et al: Long-term outcomes in pediatric unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation treated by nonconservative management: a single center analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 35(8):1363-9, 2019
Ai X et al: The factors associated with hemorrhagic presentation in children with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 23(3):343-54, 2018
Huang Z et al: A reanalysis of predictors for the risk of hemorrhage in brain arteriovenous malformation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 27(8):2082-7, 2018
Hodel J et al: Intracranial arteriovenous shunting: detection with arterial spin-labeling and susceptibility-weighted imaging combined. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(1):71-6, 2017
Jimenez JE et al: Role of follow-up imaging after resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 19(2):149-56, 2017
Kodera T et al: Evaluation of obliteration of arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery with arterial spin labeling MR imaging. Br J Neurosurg. 31(6):641-7, 2017
Ma L et al: Subsequent haemorrhage in children with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: higher risk with unbalanced inflow and outflow angioarchitecture. Eur Radiol. 27(7):2868-76, 2017
Magro E et al: Responses to ARUBA: a systematic review and critical analysis for the design of future arteriovenous malformation trials. J Neurosurg. 1-9, 2016
Mohr JP et al: Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet. 383(9917):614-21, 2014
Gross BA et al: Natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 118(2):437-43, 2013
Laakso A et al: Arteriovenous malformations: epidemiology and clinical presentation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):1-6, 2012
Mossa-Basha M et al: Imaging of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):27-42, 2012
Pradilla G et al: Surgical treatment of cranial arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):105-22, 2012
Radvany MG et al: Endovascular treatment of cranial arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):123-31, 2012
Schuster L et al: Changes in AVM angio-architecture and hemodynamics after stereotactic radiosurgery assessed by dynamic MRA and phase contrast flow assessments: a prospective follow-up study. Eur Radiol. 21(6):1267-76, 2011
Wong GK et al: Computed tomographic angiography and venography for young or nonhypertensive patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 42(1):211-3, 2011
Niazi TN et al: Diagnosis and management of arteriovenous malformations in children. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 21(3):443-56, 2010
Cohen-Gadol AA et al: Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations in children. J Neurosurg. 104(6 Suppl):388-91, 2006
Vikkula M et al: Molecular genetics of vascular malformations. Matrix Biol. 20(5-6):327-35, 2001
Di Rocco C et al: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 142(2):145-56; discussion 156-8, 2000
Rodesch G et al: Nongalenic cerebral arteriovenous malformations in neonates and infants. Review of 26 consecutive cases (1982-1992). Childs Nerv Syst. 11(4):231-41, 1995
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): High-flow vascular malformation with AV shunting through complex nidus of arterioles & venules (without intervening capillary bed)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
de Castro-Afonso LH et al: Association between draining vein diameters and intracranial arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage: a multicentric retrospective study. Neuroradiology. 62(11):1497-505, 2020
Hong S et al: Long-term outcomes in pediatric unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation treated by nonconservative management: a single center analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 35(8):1363-9, 2019
Ai X et al: The factors associated with hemorrhagic presentation in children with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 23(3):343-54, 2018
Huang Z et al: A reanalysis of predictors for the risk of hemorrhage in brain arteriovenous malformation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 27(8):2082-7, 2018
Hodel J et al: Intracranial arteriovenous shunting: detection with arterial spin-labeling and susceptibility-weighted imaging combined. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(1):71-6, 2017
Jimenez JE et al: Role of follow-up imaging after resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 19(2):149-56, 2017
Kodera T et al: Evaluation of obliteration of arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery with arterial spin labeling MR imaging. Br J Neurosurg. 31(6):641-7, 2017
Ma L et al: Subsequent haemorrhage in children with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: higher risk with unbalanced inflow and outflow angioarchitecture. Eur Radiol. 27(7):2868-76, 2017
Magro E et al: Responses to ARUBA: a systematic review and critical analysis for the design of future arteriovenous malformation trials. J Neurosurg. 1-9, 2016
Mohr JP et al: Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet. 383(9917):614-21, 2014
Gross BA et al: Natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 118(2):437-43, 2013
Laakso A et al: Arteriovenous malformations: epidemiology and clinical presentation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):1-6, 2012
Mossa-Basha M et al: Imaging of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):27-42, 2012
Pradilla G et al: Surgical treatment of cranial arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):105-22, 2012
Radvany MG et al: Endovascular treatment of cranial arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 23(1):123-31, 2012
Schuster L et al: Changes in AVM angio-architecture and hemodynamics after stereotactic radiosurgery assessed by dynamic MRA and phase contrast flow assessments: a prospective follow-up study. Eur Radiol. 21(6):1267-76, 2011
Wong GK et al: Computed tomographic angiography and venography for young or nonhypertensive patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 42(1):211-3, 2011
Niazi TN et al: Diagnosis and management of arteriovenous malformations in children. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 21(3):443-56, 2010
Cohen-Gadol AA et al: Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations in children. J Neurosurg. 104(6 Suppl):388-91, 2006
Vikkula M et al: Molecular genetics of vascular malformations. Matrix Biol. 20(5-6):327-35, 2001
Di Rocco C et al: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 142(2):145-56; discussion 156-8, 2000
Rodesch G et al: Nongalenic cerebral arteriovenous malformations in neonates and infants. Review of 26 consecutive cases (1982-1992). Childs Nerv Syst. 11(4):231-41, 1995
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