Hooley RJ et al: Breast ultrasonography: state of the art. Radiology. 268(3):642-59, 2013
Feldman MK et al: US artifacts. Radiographics. 29(4):1179-89, 2009
Cha JH et al: Differentiation of benign from malignant solid breast masses: conventional US versus spatial compound imaging. Radiology. 237(3):841-6, 2005
Szopinski KT et al: Tissue harmonic imaging: utility in breast sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 22(5):479-87; quiz 488- 9, 2003
Rosen EL et al: Tissue harmonic imaging sonography of breast lesions: improved margin analysis, conspicuity, and image quality compared to conventional ultrasound. Clin Imaging. 25(6):379-84, 2001
Lopez H et al: Ultrasound interactions with free silicone in a tissue-mimicking phantom. J Ultrasound Med. 17(3):163-70, 1998
Kremkau FW et al: Artifacts in ultrasound imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 5(4):227-37, 1986
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Artifact: Physical, electronic, or technical phenomenon → abnormal echogenicity or shadowing on US
Dynamic range: Range of highest and lowest amplitudes that can be displayed, in decibels (dB)
Typically 55-60 dB optimal for breast imaging
Time gain compensation (TGC): Adjust image brightness at all depths from skin
Compensates for sound absorption in deeper tissue
Manual or automatic adjustment
Gain should ↑ with ↑ depth to compensate for sound absorption in deeper tissue
Spatial compounding: Use of multiple off-angle beams (or splitting beam to insonate only one part of image at a time) to create image
Averages signal from multiple beams: Noise cancels out
↓ specular reflection, reverberation artifacts
↑ detail in masses and lateral/posterior margins
↓ posterior enhancement and shadowing
Harmonic imaging: Insonate tissue with one frequency (e.g., ~ 10-12 MHz) and receive at multiple of that frequency (e.g., 20-24 MHz)
↓ reverberation artifacts and internal echoes in cysts
↑ soft tissue contrast and lateral resolution: ↑ conspicuity of isoechoic masses surrounded by fat lobules
Hooley RJ et al: Breast ultrasonography: state of the art. Radiology. 268(3):642-59, 2013
Feldman MK et al: US artifacts. Radiographics. 29(4):1179-89, 2009
Cha JH et al: Differentiation of benign from malignant solid breast masses: conventional US versus spatial compound imaging. Radiology. 237(3):841-6, 2005
Szopinski KT et al: Tissue harmonic imaging: utility in breast sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 22(5):479-87; quiz 488- 9, 2003
Rosen EL et al: Tissue harmonic imaging sonography of breast lesions: improved margin analysis, conspicuity, and image quality compared to conventional ultrasound. Clin Imaging. 25(6):379-84, 2001
Lopez H et al: Ultrasound interactions with free silicone in a tissue-mimicking phantom. J Ultrasound Med. 17(3):163-70, 1998
Kremkau FW et al: Artifacts in ultrasound imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 5(4):227-37, 1986
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