Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Base of tongue (BOT) squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa)
Synonyms
- Lingual tonsil SCCa
Definitions
- Epithelial tumor in oropharyngeal (OP) tonsillar tissue at BOT
- Extends from posterior 1/3 of tongue to valleculae
- Distinct entity from oral tongue SCCa
- Epithelial tumor in oropharyngeal (OP) tonsillar tissue at BOT
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Windon MJ et al: Epidemiologic distinctions between base of tongue and tonsil oropharyngeal carcinomas. Head Neck. ePub, 2021
- Glastonbury CM et al: Head and neck squamous cell cancer: approach to staging and surveillance. In: Hodler J et al: Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020-2023: Diagnostic Imaging. Springer, 2020
- Parvathaneni U et al: Advances in diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: state of the art. Radiographics. 39(7):2055-68, 2019
- Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer, 2017
- Fossum CC et al: Characterization of the oropharynx: anatomy, histology, immunology, squamous cell carcinoma and surgical resection. Histopathology. 70(7):1021-9, 2017
- Taghipour M et al: Use of 18F-Fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography for patient management and outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1-7, 2015
- Corey A: Pitfalls in the staging of cancer of the oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(1):47-66, 2013
- Loevner LA et al: Transoral robotic surgery in head and neck cancer: what radiologists need to know about the cutting edge. Radiographics. 33(6):1759-79, 2013
- Trotta BM et al: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: key imaging findings for staging and treatment planning. Radiographics. 31(2):339-54, 2011
- Ahmed M et al: The value of magnetic resonance imaging in target volume delineation of base of tongue tumours--a study using flexible surface coils. Radiother Oncol. 94(2):161-7, 2010
- Attner P et al: The role of human papillomavirus in the increased incidence of base of tongue cancer. Int J Cancer. 126(12):2879-84, 2010
- Budrukkar A et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of base of tongue in a patient with Fanconi's anemia treated with radiation therapy: case report and review of literature. Head Neck. 32(10):1422-7, 2010
- Marur S et al: HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol. 11(8):781-9, 2010
- Pederson AW et al: Chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Head Neck. 32(11):1519-27, 2010
- Cianchetti M et al: Diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site. Laryngoscope. 119(12):2348-54, 2009
- Cohan DM et al: Oropharyngeal cancer: current understanding and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 17(2):88-94, 2009
- Cobo F et al: Review article: relationship of human papillomavirus with papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: a review. Int J Surg Pathol. 16(2):127-36, 2008
- Zima AJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of oropharyngeal cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):237-42, 2007
- Shiboski CH et al: Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the U.S. population ages 20-44 years. Cancer. 103(9):1843-9, 2005
- Gandhi D et al: Computed tomography perfusion of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Initial results. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 27(5):687-93, 2003
- LoTempio MM et al: Treatment of advanced oropharyngeal cancers with chemotherapy and radiation. Ear Nose Throat J. 82(5):367-70, 2003
- Pletcher SD et al: Management of cervical metastases in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 129(9):983-6, 2003
- Sessions DG et al: Analysis of treatment results for base of tongue cancer. Laryngoscope. 113(7):1252-61, 2003
- Parsons JT et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiation therapy, or both. Cancer. 94(11):2967-80, 2002
- Kuriakose MA et al: Tumour volume estimated by computed tomography as a predictive factor in carcinoma of the tongue. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 38(5):460-5, 2000
- Brunin F et al: Cancer of the base of the tongue: past and future. Head Neck. 21(8):751-9, 1999
- Moharir VM et al: Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of head and neck tumors. Laryngoscope. 108(11 Pt 1):1592-8, 1998
- Mukherji SK et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and oral cavity: how imaging makes a difference. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 19(6):463-75, 1998
- Mukherji SK et al: Squamous cell carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity and tongue base: can CT help predict perineural or vascular invasion? Radiology. 198(1):157-62, 1996
- Sigal R et al: CT and MR imaging of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Radiographics. 16(4):787-810, 1996
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Base of tongue (BOT) squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa)
Synonyms
- Lingual tonsil SCCa
Definitions
- Epithelial tumor in oropharyngeal (OP) tonsillar tissue at BOT
- Extends from posterior 1/3 of tongue to valleculae
- Distinct entity from oral tongue SCCa
- Epithelial tumor in oropharyngeal (OP) tonsillar tissue at BOT
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Windon MJ et al: Epidemiologic distinctions between base of tongue and tonsil oropharyngeal carcinomas. Head Neck. ePub, 2021
- Glastonbury CM et al: Head and neck squamous cell cancer: approach to staging and surveillance. In: Hodler J et al: Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020-2023: Diagnostic Imaging. Springer, 2020
- Parvathaneni U et al: Advances in diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: state of the art. Radiographics. 39(7):2055-68, 2019
- Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer, 2017
- Fossum CC et al: Characterization of the oropharynx: anatomy, histology, immunology, squamous cell carcinoma and surgical resection. Histopathology. 70(7):1021-9, 2017
- Taghipour M et al: Use of 18F-Fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography for patient management and outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1-7, 2015
- Corey A: Pitfalls in the staging of cancer of the oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(1):47-66, 2013
- Loevner LA et al: Transoral robotic surgery in head and neck cancer: what radiologists need to know about the cutting edge. Radiographics. 33(6):1759-79, 2013
- Trotta BM et al: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: key imaging findings for staging and treatment planning. Radiographics. 31(2):339-54, 2011
- Ahmed M et al: The value of magnetic resonance imaging in target volume delineation of base of tongue tumours--a study using flexible surface coils. Radiother Oncol. 94(2):161-7, 2010
- Attner P et al: The role of human papillomavirus in the increased incidence of base of tongue cancer. Int J Cancer. 126(12):2879-84, 2010
- Budrukkar A et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of base of tongue in a patient with Fanconi's anemia treated with radiation therapy: case report and review of literature. Head Neck. 32(10):1422-7, 2010
- Marur S et al: HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol. 11(8):781-9, 2010
- Pederson AW et al: Chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Head Neck. 32(11):1519-27, 2010
- Cianchetti M et al: Diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site. Laryngoscope. 119(12):2348-54, 2009
- Cohan DM et al: Oropharyngeal cancer: current understanding and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 17(2):88-94, 2009
- Cobo F et al: Review article: relationship of human papillomavirus with papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: a review. Int J Surg Pathol. 16(2):127-36, 2008
- Zima AJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of oropharyngeal cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):237-42, 2007
- Shiboski CH et al: Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the U.S. population ages 20-44 years. Cancer. 103(9):1843-9, 2005
- Gandhi D et al: Computed tomography perfusion of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Initial results. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 27(5):687-93, 2003
- LoTempio MM et al: Treatment of advanced oropharyngeal cancers with chemotherapy and radiation. Ear Nose Throat J. 82(5):367-70, 2003
- Pletcher SD et al: Management of cervical metastases in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 129(9):983-6, 2003
- Sessions DG et al: Analysis of treatment results for base of tongue cancer. Laryngoscope. 113(7):1252-61, 2003
- Parsons JT et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiation therapy, or both. Cancer. 94(11):2967-80, 2002
- Kuriakose MA et al: Tumour volume estimated by computed tomography as a predictive factor in carcinoma of the tongue. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 38(5):460-5, 2000
- Brunin F et al: Cancer of the base of the tongue: past and future. Head Neck. 21(8):751-9, 1999
- Moharir VM et al: Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of head and neck tumors. Laryngoscope. 108(11 Pt 1):1592-8, 1998
- Mukherji SK et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and oral cavity: how imaging makes a difference. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 19(6):463-75, 1998
- Mukherji SK et al: Squamous cell carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity and tongue base: can CT help predict perineural or vascular invasion? Radiology. 198(1):157-62, 1996
- Sigal R et al: CT and MR imaging of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Radiographics. 16(4):787-810, 1996
