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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Subarachnoid spaces (SAS)
- Head circumference (HC)
- Orbitofrontal circumference (OFC)
Synonyms
- Benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces of infancy (BESSI)
- Benign external hydrocephalus
- Benign extracerebral fluid collections of infancy
- Benign communicating hydrocephalus
- Physiologic extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus
- Benign macrocephaly of infancy
Definitions
- Enlarged SAS in patient < 1 year of age with macrocrania (HC > 95%)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Zahl SM et al: Clinical, radiological, and demographic details of benign external hydrocephalus: a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol. 96:53-7, 2019
- Zahl SM et al: Quality of life and physician-reported developmental, cognitive, and social problems in children with benign external hydrocephalus-long-term follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 35(2):245-50, 2019
- Hansen JB et al: Evaluations for abuse in young children with subdural hemorrhages: findings based on symptom severity and benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21(1):31-7, 2018
- Haws ME et al: A retrospective analysis of the utility of head computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in the management of benign macrocrania. J Pediatr. 182:283-9.e1, 2017
- Hussain ZB et al: Extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children with benign external hydrocephalus: a case-control study. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):410-7, 2017
- Naffaa L et al: The diagnostic yield of ultrasound of the head in healthy infants presenting with the clinical diagnosis of benign macrocrania. Clin Radiol. 72(1):94.e7-94.e11, 2017
- Whitehead MT et al: Reduced subarachnoid fluid diffusion in enlarged subarachnoid spaces of infancy. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):418-24, 2017
- Tucker J et al: Macrocephaly in infancy: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-5, 2016
- Halevy A et al: Development of infants with idiopathic external hydrocephalus. J Child Neurol. 30(8):1044-7, 2015
- Marino MA et al: Benign external hydrocephalus in infants. A single centre experience and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 27(2):245-50, 2014
- Greiner MV et al: Prevalence of subdural collections in children with macrocrania. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(12):2373-8, 2013
- Mattei TA et al: Benign extracerebral fluid collection in infancy as a risk factor for the development of de novo intracranial arachnoid cysts. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 12(6):555-64, 2013
- Schulz M et al: Intracranial pressure measurement in infants presenting with progressive macrocephaly and enlarged subarachnoid spaces. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 114:261-6, 2012
- Sun M et al: Diffusion tensor imaging findings in young children with benign external hydrocephalus differ from the normal population. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(2):199-208, 2012
- Bateman GA et al: External hydrocephalus in infants: six cases with MR venogram and flow quantification correlation. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(12):2087-96, 2011
- Yew AY et al: Long-term health status in benign external hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 47(1):1-6, 2011
- Zahl SM et al: Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management. Neurosurg Rev. 34(4):417-32, 2011
- Fernando S et al: Neuroimaging of nonaccidental head trauma: pitfalls and controversies. Pediatr Radiol. 38(8):827-38, 2008
- Hellbusch LC: Benign extracerebral fluid collections in infancy: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Neurosurg. 107(2 Suppl):119-25, 2007
- Paciorkowski AR et al: When is enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces not benign? A genetic perspective. Pediatr Neurol. 37(1):1-7, 2007
- Muenchberger H et al: Idiopathic macrocephaly in the infant: long-term neurological and neuropsychological outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(10):1242-8, 2006
- Lam WW et al: Ultrasonographic measurement of subarachnoid space in normal infants and children. Pediatr Neurol. 25(5):380-4, 2001
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Subarachnoid spaces (SAS)
- Head circumference (HC)
- Orbitofrontal circumference (OFC)
Synonyms
- Benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces of infancy (BESSI)
- Benign external hydrocephalus
- Benign extracerebral fluid collections of infancy
- Benign communicating hydrocephalus
- Physiologic extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus
- Benign macrocephaly of infancy
Definitions
- Enlarged SAS in patient < 1 year of age with macrocrania (HC > 95%)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Zahl SM et al: Clinical, radiological, and demographic details of benign external hydrocephalus: a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol. 96:53-7, 2019
- Zahl SM et al: Quality of life and physician-reported developmental, cognitive, and social problems in children with benign external hydrocephalus-long-term follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 35(2):245-50, 2019
- Hansen JB et al: Evaluations for abuse in young children with subdural hemorrhages: findings based on symptom severity and benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21(1):31-7, 2018
- Haws ME et al: A retrospective analysis of the utility of head computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in the management of benign macrocrania. J Pediatr. 182:283-9.e1, 2017
- Hussain ZB et al: Extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children with benign external hydrocephalus: a case-control study. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):410-7, 2017
- Naffaa L et al: The diagnostic yield of ultrasound of the head in healthy infants presenting with the clinical diagnosis of benign macrocrania. Clin Radiol. 72(1):94.e7-94.e11, 2017
- Whitehead MT et al: Reduced subarachnoid fluid diffusion in enlarged subarachnoid spaces of infancy. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):418-24, 2017
- Tucker J et al: Macrocephaly in infancy: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-5, 2016
- Halevy A et al: Development of infants with idiopathic external hydrocephalus. J Child Neurol. 30(8):1044-7, 2015
- Marino MA et al: Benign external hydrocephalus in infants. A single centre experience and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 27(2):245-50, 2014
- Greiner MV et al: Prevalence of subdural collections in children with macrocrania. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(12):2373-8, 2013
- Mattei TA et al: Benign extracerebral fluid collection in infancy as a risk factor for the development of de novo intracranial arachnoid cysts. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 12(6):555-64, 2013
- Schulz M et al: Intracranial pressure measurement in infants presenting with progressive macrocephaly and enlarged subarachnoid spaces. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 114:261-6, 2012
- Sun M et al: Diffusion tensor imaging findings in young children with benign external hydrocephalus differ from the normal population. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(2):199-208, 2012
- Bateman GA et al: External hydrocephalus in infants: six cases with MR venogram and flow quantification correlation. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(12):2087-96, 2011
- Yew AY et al: Long-term health status in benign external hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 47(1):1-6, 2011
- Zahl SM et al: Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management. Neurosurg Rev. 34(4):417-32, 2011
- Fernando S et al: Neuroimaging of nonaccidental head trauma: pitfalls and controversies. Pediatr Radiol. 38(8):827-38, 2008
- Hellbusch LC: Benign extracerebral fluid collections in infancy: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Neurosurg. 107(2 Suppl):119-25, 2007
- Paciorkowski AR et al: When is enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces not benign? A genetic perspective. Pediatr Neurol. 37(1):1-7, 2007
- Muenchberger H et al: Idiopathic macrocephaly in the infant: long-term neurological and neuropsychological outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(10):1242-8, 2006
- Lam WW et al: Ultrasonographic measurement of subarachnoid space in normal infants and children. Pediatr Neurol. 25(5):380-4, 2001
