Enlarged SAS in patient < 1 year of age with macrocrania (HC > 95%)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Zahl SM et al: Clinical, radiological, and demographic details of benign external hydrocephalus: a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol. 96:53-7, 2019
Zahl SM et al: Quality of life and physician-reported developmental, cognitive, and social problems in children with benign external hydrocephalus-long-term follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 35(2):245-50, 2019
Hansen JB et al: Evaluations for abuse in young children with subdural hemorrhages: findings based on symptom severity and benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21(1):31-7, 2018
Haws ME et al: A retrospective analysis of the utility of head computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in the management of benign macrocrania. J Pediatr. 182:283-9.e1, 2017
Hussain ZB et al: Extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children with benign external hydrocephalus: a case-control study. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):410-7, 2017
Naffaa L et al: The diagnostic yield of ultrasound of the head in healthy infants presenting with the clinical diagnosis of benign macrocrania. Clin Radiol. 72(1):94.e7-94.e11, 2017
Whitehead MT et al: Reduced subarachnoid fluid diffusion in enlarged subarachnoid spaces of infancy. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):418-24, 2017
Tucker J et al: Macrocephaly in infancy: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-5, 2016
Halevy A et al: Development of infants with idiopathic external hydrocephalus. J Child Neurol. 30(8):1044-7, 2015
Marino MA et al: Benign external hydrocephalus in infants. A single centre experience and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 27(2):245-50, 2014
Greiner MV et al: Prevalence of subdural collections in children with macrocrania. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(12):2373-8, 2013
Mattei TA et al: Benign extracerebral fluid collection in infancy as a risk factor for the development of de novo intracranial arachnoid cysts. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 12(6):555-64, 2013
Schulz M et al: Intracranial pressure measurement in infants presenting with progressive macrocephaly and enlarged subarachnoid spaces. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 114:261-6, 2012
Sun M et al: Diffusion tensor imaging findings in young children with benign external hydrocephalus differ from the normal population. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(2):199-208, 2012
Bateman GA et al: External hydrocephalus in infants: six cases with MR venogram and flow quantification correlation. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(12):2087-96, 2011
Yew AY et al: Long-term health status in benign external hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 47(1):1-6, 2011
Zahl SM et al: Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management. Neurosurg Rev. 34(4):417-32, 2011
Fernando S et al: Neuroimaging of nonaccidental head trauma: pitfalls and controversies. Pediatr Radiol. 38(8):827-38, 2008
Hellbusch LC: Benign extracerebral fluid collections in infancy: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Neurosurg. 107(2 Suppl):119-25, 2007
Paciorkowski AR et al: When is enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces not benign? A genetic perspective. Pediatr Neurol. 37(1):1-7, 2007
Muenchberger H et al: Idiopathic macrocephaly in the infant: long-term neurological and neuropsychological outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(10):1242-8, 2006
Lam WW et al: Ultrasonographic measurement of subarachnoid space in normal infants and children. Pediatr Neurol. 25(5):380-4, 2001
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Subarachnoid spaces (SAS)
Head circumference (HC)
Orbitofrontal circumference (OFC)
Synonyms
Benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces of infancy (BESSI)
Enlarged SAS in patient < 1 year of age with macrocrania (HC > 95%)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Zahl SM et al: Clinical, radiological, and demographic details of benign external hydrocephalus: a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol. 96:53-7, 2019
Zahl SM et al: Quality of life and physician-reported developmental, cognitive, and social problems in children with benign external hydrocephalus-long-term follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 35(2):245-50, 2019
Hansen JB et al: Evaluations for abuse in young children with subdural hemorrhages: findings based on symptom severity and benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21(1):31-7, 2018
Haws ME et al: A retrospective analysis of the utility of head computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in the management of benign macrocrania. J Pediatr. 182:283-9.e1, 2017
Hussain ZB et al: Extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children with benign external hydrocephalus: a case-control study. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):410-7, 2017
Naffaa L et al: The diagnostic yield of ultrasound of the head in healthy infants presenting with the clinical diagnosis of benign macrocrania. Clin Radiol. 72(1):94.e7-94.e11, 2017
Whitehead MT et al: Reduced subarachnoid fluid diffusion in enlarged subarachnoid spaces of infancy. Neuroradiol J. 30(5):418-24, 2017
Tucker J et al: Macrocephaly in infancy: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-5, 2016
Halevy A et al: Development of infants with idiopathic external hydrocephalus. J Child Neurol. 30(8):1044-7, 2015
Marino MA et al: Benign external hydrocephalus in infants. A single centre experience and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 27(2):245-50, 2014
Greiner MV et al: Prevalence of subdural collections in children with macrocrania. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(12):2373-8, 2013
Mattei TA et al: Benign extracerebral fluid collection in infancy as a risk factor for the development of de novo intracranial arachnoid cysts. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 12(6):555-64, 2013
Schulz M et al: Intracranial pressure measurement in infants presenting with progressive macrocephaly and enlarged subarachnoid spaces. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 114:261-6, 2012
Sun M et al: Diffusion tensor imaging findings in young children with benign external hydrocephalus differ from the normal population. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(2):199-208, 2012
Bateman GA et al: External hydrocephalus in infants: six cases with MR venogram and flow quantification correlation. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(12):2087-96, 2011
Yew AY et al: Long-term health status in benign external hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 47(1):1-6, 2011
Zahl SM et al: Benign external hydrocephalus: a review, with emphasis on management. Neurosurg Rev. 34(4):417-32, 2011
Fernando S et al: Neuroimaging of nonaccidental head trauma: pitfalls and controversies. Pediatr Radiol. 38(8):827-38, 2008
Hellbusch LC: Benign extracerebral fluid collections in infancy: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Neurosurg. 107(2 Suppl):119-25, 2007
Paciorkowski AR et al: When is enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces not benign? A genetic perspective. Pediatr Neurol. 37(1):1-7, 2007
Muenchberger H et al: Idiopathic macrocephaly in the infant: long-term neurological and neuropsychological outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(10):1242-8, 2006
Lam WW et al: Ultrasonographic measurement of subarachnoid space in normal infants and children. Pediatr Neurol. 25(5):380-4, 2001
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