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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Biceps tendon (BT)
Synonyms
- Long head biceps tendinosis or tendonitis
Definitions
- Mucoid change, microscopic tears within BT
- 2 types appear similar on MR
- Painful tendinopathy
- Usually associated with tenosynovitis
- Difficult for surgeon to see tendinopathy; usually diagnose synovitis in BT sheath
- Degenerative tendinopathy
- Often asymptomatic
- May also have lipoid change within tendon
- Painful tendinopathy
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Burke CJ et al: MRI, arthroscopic and histopathologic cross correlation in biceps tenodesis specimens with emphasis on the normal appearing proximal tendon. Clin Imaging. 54:126-32, 2019
- Tadros AS et al: Long head of the biceps brachii tendon: unenhanced MRI versus direct MR arthrography. Skeletal Radiol. 44(9):1263-72, 2015
- Seo JB et al: Sonoelastography findings of biceps tendinitis and tendinosis. J Ultrasound. 17(4):271-7, 2014
- Buck FM et al: Degeneration of the long biceps tendon: comparison of MRI with gross anatomy and histology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(5):1367-75, 2009
- Gaskin CM et al: Focal partial tears of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon at the entrance to the bicipital groove: MR imaging findings, surgical correlation, and clinical significance. Skeletal Radiol. 38(10):959-65, 2009
- Gaskin CM et al: Anomalies of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon: clinical significance, MR arthrographic findings, and arthroscopic correlation in two patients. Skeletal Radiol. 36(8):785-9, 2007
- Lin A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the long head of the biceps tendon: benefit of coplanar image. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 31(4):642-8, 2007
- Morag Y et al: MR arthrography of rotator interval, long head of the biceps brachii, and biceps pulley of the shoulder. Radiology. 235(1):21-30, 2005
- Beall DP et al: Association of biceps tendon tears with rotator cuff abnormalities: degree of correlation with tears of the anterior and superior portions of the rotator cuff. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(3):633-9, 2003
- Beltran J et al: Shoulder: labrum and bicipital tendon. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 14(1):35-49, 2003
- Martinoli C et al: US of the shoulder: non-rotator cuff disorders. Radiographics. 23(2):381-401; quiz 534, 2003
- Spritzer CE et al: Assessment of instability of the long head of the biceps tendon by MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 30(4):199-207, 2001
- De Maeseneer M et al: CT and MR arthrography of the normal and pathologic anterosuperior labrum and labral-bicipital complex. Radiographics. 20 Spec No:S67-81, 2000
- Ho CP: MR imaging of rotator interval, long biceps, and associated injuries in the overhead-throwing athlete. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(1):23-37, 1999
- Weishaupt D et al: Lesions of the reflection pulley of the long biceps tendon. MR arthrographic findings. Invest Radiol. 34(7):463-9, 1999
- Yeh L et al: Intracapsular origin of the long head of the biceps tendon. Skeletal Radiol. 28(3):178-81, 1999
- Gückel C et al: MR arthrographic findings in tenosynovitis of the long bicipital tendon of the shoulder. Skeletal Radiol. 27(1):7-12, 1998
- Kreitner KF et al: Superior labrum and labral-bicipital complex: MR imaging with pathologic-anatomic and histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(3):599-605, 1998
- Zanetti M et al: Tendinopathy and rupture of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle: evaluation with MR arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1557-61, 1998
- Nidecker A et al: Imaging the long head of biceps tendon--a pictorial essay emphasizing magnetic resonance. Eur J Radiol. 25(3):177-87, 1997
- Tuckman GA: Abnormalities of the long head of the biceps tendon of the shoulder: MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(5):1183-8, 1994
- van Leersum M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the biceps complex. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1(1):77-86, 1993
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Biceps tendon (BT)
Synonyms
- Long head biceps tendinosis or tendonitis
Definitions
- Mucoid change, microscopic tears within BT
- 2 types appear similar on MR
- Painful tendinopathy
- Usually associated with tenosynovitis
- Difficult for surgeon to see tendinopathy; usually diagnose synovitis in BT sheath
- Degenerative tendinopathy
- Often asymptomatic
- May also have lipoid change within tendon
- Painful tendinopathy
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Burke CJ et al: MRI, arthroscopic and histopathologic cross correlation in biceps tenodesis specimens with emphasis on the normal appearing proximal tendon. Clin Imaging. 54:126-32, 2019
- Tadros AS et al: Long head of the biceps brachii tendon: unenhanced MRI versus direct MR arthrography. Skeletal Radiol. 44(9):1263-72, 2015
- Seo JB et al: Sonoelastography findings of biceps tendinitis and tendinosis. J Ultrasound. 17(4):271-7, 2014
- Buck FM et al: Degeneration of the long biceps tendon: comparison of MRI with gross anatomy and histology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(5):1367-75, 2009
- Gaskin CM et al: Focal partial tears of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon at the entrance to the bicipital groove: MR imaging findings, surgical correlation, and clinical significance. Skeletal Radiol. 38(10):959-65, 2009
- Gaskin CM et al: Anomalies of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon: clinical significance, MR arthrographic findings, and arthroscopic correlation in two patients. Skeletal Radiol. 36(8):785-9, 2007
- Lin A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the long head of the biceps tendon: benefit of coplanar image. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 31(4):642-8, 2007
- Morag Y et al: MR arthrography of rotator interval, long head of the biceps brachii, and biceps pulley of the shoulder. Radiology. 235(1):21-30, 2005
- Beall DP et al: Association of biceps tendon tears with rotator cuff abnormalities: degree of correlation with tears of the anterior and superior portions of the rotator cuff. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(3):633-9, 2003
- Beltran J et al: Shoulder: labrum and bicipital tendon. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 14(1):35-49, 2003
- Martinoli C et al: US of the shoulder: non-rotator cuff disorders. Radiographics. 23(2):381-401; quiz 534, 2003
- Spritzer CE et al: Assessment of instability of the long head of the biceps tendon by MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 30(4):199-207, 2001
- De Maeseneer M et al: CT and MR arthrography of the normal and pathologic anterosuperior labrum and labral-bicipital complex. Radiographics. 20 Spec No:S67-81, 2000
- Ho CP: MR imaging of rotator interval, long biceps, and associated injuries in the overhead-throwing athlete. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(1):23-37, 1999
- Weishaupt D et al: Lesions of the reflection pulley of the long biceps tendon. MR arthrographic findings. Invest Radiol. 34(7):463-9, 1999
- Yeh L et al: Intracapsular origin of the long head of the biceps tendon. Skeletal Radiol. 28(3):178-81, 1999
- Gückel C et al: MR arthrographic findings in tenosynovitis of the long bicipital tendon of the shoulder. Skeletal Radiol. 27(1):7-12, 1998
- Kreitner KF et al: Superior labrum and labral-bicipital complex: MR imaging with pathologic-anatomic and histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(3):599-605, 1998
- Zanetti M et al: Tendinopathy and rupture of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle: evaluation with MR arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1557-61, 1998
- Nidecker A et al: Imaging the long head of biceps tendon--a pictorial essay emphasizing magnetic resonance. Eur J Radiol. 25(3):177-87, 1997
- Tuckman GA: Abnormalities of the long head of the biceps tendon of the shoulder: MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(5):1183-8, 1994
- van Leersum M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the biceps complex. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1(1):77-86, 1993
