In CBE, entire urethra is open with abnormal bladder sphincter
Bladder exstrophy variants
Duplicated: CBE + 2nd intact bladder
Pseudoexstrophy: Typical musculoskeletal defects without genitourinary anomaly
Superior vesical fistula/fissure: Small portion of otherwise intact bladder has minimal exstrophy
Covered: Thin skin layer over intact urinary tract
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Weiss DA et al: Key anatomic findings on fetal ultrasound and MRI in the prenatal diagnosis of bladder and cloacal exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 16(5):665-71, 2020
Szymanski KM et al: Probability of bladder augmentation, diversion and clean intermittent catheterization in classic bladder exstrophy: a 36-year, multi-institutional, retrospective cohort study. J Urol. 202(6):1256-62, 2019
Victoria T et al: Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects: prenatal imaging by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(4):499-512, 2018
Pakdaman R et al: Complex abdominal wall defects: appearances at prenatal imaging. Radiographics. 35(2):636-49, 2015
Torres US et al: When closure fails: what the radiologist needs to know about the embryology, anatomy, and prenatal imaging of ventral body wall defects. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(6):522-36, 2015
Pierre K et al: Bladder exstrophy: current management and postoperative imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 44(7):768-86; quiz 765-7, 2014
Cervellione RM et al: Penile ischemic injury in the exstrophy/epispadias spectrum: new insights and possible mechanisms. J Pediatr Urol. 6(5):450-6, 2010
Tomita SS et al: An unusual form of duplicate bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Surg. 45(4):834-6, 2010
Ebert AK et al: The exstrophy-epispadias complex. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4:23, 2009
Eeg KR et al: The exstrophy-epispadias complex. Curr Urol Rep. 9(2):158-64, 2008
Schaeffer AJ et al: Complications of primary closure of classic bladder exstrophy. J Urol. 180(4 Suppl):1671-4; discussion 1674, 2008
Williams AM et al: 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging modeling of the pelvic floor musculature in classic bladder exstrophy before pelvic osteotomy. J Urol. 172(4 Pt 2):1702-5, 2004
Stec AA et al: Pelvic floor anatomy in classic bladder exstrophy using 3-dimensional computerized tomography: initial insights. J Urol. 166(4):1444-9, 2001
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Exstrophy-epispadias complex
Definitions
Classic bladder exstrophy (CBE): Low midline abdominal wall defect (AWD) with exposure of bladder plate & urethra + low-set umbilicus
In CBE, entire urethra is open with abnormal bladder sphincter
Bladder exstrophy variants
Duplicated: CBE + 2nd intact bladder
Pseudoexstrophy: Typical musculoskeletal defects without genitourinary anomaly
Superior vesical fistula/fissure: Small portion of otherwise intact bladder has minimal exstrophy
Covered: Thin skin layer over intact urinary tract
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Weiss DA et al: Key anatomic findings on fetal ultrasound and MRI in the prenatal diagnosis of bladder and cloacal exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 16(5):665-71, 2020
Szymanski KM et al: Probability of bladder augmentation, diversion and clean intermittent catheterization in classic bladder exstrophy: a 36-year, multi-institutional, retrospective cohort study. J Urol. 202(6):1256-62, 2019
Victoria T et al: Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects: prenatal imaging by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(4):499-512, 2018
Pakdaman R et al: Complex abdominal wall defects: appearances at prenatal imaging. Radiographics. 35(2):636-49, 2015
Torres US et al: When closure fails: what the radiologist needs to know about the embryology, anatomy, and prenatal imaging of ventral body wall defects. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(6):522-36, 2015
Pierre K et al: Bladder exstrophy: current management and postoperative imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 44(7):768-86; quiz 765-7, 2014
Cervellione RM et al: Penile ischemic injury in the exstrophy/epispadias spectrum: new insights and possible mechanisms. J Pediatr Urol. 6(5):450-6, 2010
Tomita SS et al: An unusual form of duplicate bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Surg. 45(4):834-6, 2010
Ebert AK et al: The exstrophy-epispadias complex. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4:23, 2009
Eeg KR et al: The exstrophy-epispadias complex. Curr Urol Rep. 9(2):158-64, 2008
Schaeffer AJ et al: Complications of primary closure of classic bladder exstrophy. J Urol. 180(4 Suppl):1671-4; discussion 1674, 2008
Williams AM et al: 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging modeling of the pelvic floor musculature in classic bladder exstrophy before pelvic osteotomy. J Urol. 172(4 Pt 2):1702-5, 2004
Stec AA et al: Pelvic floor anatomy in classic bladder exstrophy using 3-dimensional computerized tomography: initial insights. J Urol. 166(4):1444-9, 2001
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