Spread of primary tumor to spine where bone production exceeds bone destruction
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Cornelis FH et al: Percutaneous image-guided electrochemotherapy of spine metastases: initial experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 42(12):1806-9, 2019
Pennington Z et al: SINS score and stability: evaluating the need for stabilization within the uncertain category. World Neurosurg. 128:e1034-47, 2019
Hussain I et al: Patient-reported outcomes after surgical stabilization of spinal tumors: symptom-based validation of the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) and surgery. Spine J. 18(2):261-7, 2018
Shi DD et al: Assessing the utility of the spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) to predict fracture after conventional radiation therapy (RT) for spinal metastases. Pract Radiat Oncol. 8(5):e285-94, 2018
Macedo F et al: Bone metastases: an overview. Oncol Rev. 11(1):321, 2017
Dushyanthen S et al: The osteoblastic and osteoclastic interactions in spinal metastases secondary to prostate cancer. Cancer Growth Metastasis. 6:61-80, 2013
Goudarzi B et al: Detection of bone metastases using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with (11)C-methionine PET and bone scintigraphy. Magn Reson Imaging. 28(3):372-9, 2010
Borad MJ et al: Skeletal metastases in pancreatic cancer: a retrospective study and review of the literature. Yale J Biol Med. 82(1):1-6, 2009
Oztekin O et al: SSH-EPI diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the spine with low b values: is it useful in differentiating malignant metastatic tumor infiltration from benign fracture edema? Skeletal Radiol. 38(7):651-8, 2009
Israel O et al: FDG-PET and CT patterns of bone metastases and their relationship to previously administered anti-cancer therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 33(11):1280-4, 2006
Fogelman I et al: Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med. 35(2):135-42, 2005
Nakai T et al: Pitfalls of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of osteoblastic bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 32(11):1253-8, 2005
Tomita K et al: Surgical strategy for spinal metastases. Spine. 26(3):298-306, 2001
Wahl RL: Current status of PET in breast cancer imaging, staging, and therapy. Semin Roentgenol. 36(3):250-60, 2001
Castillo M et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging offers no advantage over routine noncontrast MR imaging in the detection of vertebral metastases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(5):948-53, 2000
Chamberlain MC et al: Epidural spinal cord compression: a single institution's retrospective experience. Neuro Oncol. 1(2):120-3, 1999
Vanel D et al: MRI of bone metastases. Eur Radiol. 8(8):1345-51, 1998
Ontell FK et al: Blastic osseous metastases in ovarian carcinoma. Can Assoc Radiol J. 46(3):231-4, 1995
Olson EM et al: Osseous metastasis in medulloblastoma: MRI findings in an unusual case. Clin Imaging. 15(4):286-9, 1991
Thrall JH et al: Skeletal metastases. Radiol Clin North Am. 25(6):1155-70, 1987
Aoki J et al: Sclerotic bone metastasis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 159(1):127-32, 1986
Galasko CS: Mechanisms of lytic and blastic metastatic disease of bone. Clin Orthop. (169):20-7, 1982
Joffe N et al: Osteoblastic bone metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Clin Radiol. 29(1):41-6, 1978
Kongtawng T et al: Radiographic evaluation of treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate. South Med J. 71(3):247-50, 1978
Spread of primary tumor to spine where bone production exceeds bone destruction
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Cornelis FH et al: Percutaneous image-guided electrochemotherapy of spine metastases: initial experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 42(12):1806-9, 2019
Pennington Z et al: SINS score and stability: evaluating the need for stabilization within the uncertain category. World Neurosurg. 128:e1034-47, 2019
Hussain I et al: Patient-reported outcomes after surgical stabilization of spinal tumors: symptom-based validation of the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) and surgery. Spine J. 18(2):261-7, 2018
Shi DD et al: Assessing the utility of the spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) to predict fracture after conventional radiation therapy (RT) for spinal metastases. Pract Radiat Oncol. 8(5):e285-94, 2018
Macedo F et al: Bone metastases: an overview. Oncol Rev. 11(1):321, 2017
Dushyanthen S et al: The osteoblastic and osteoclastic interactions in spinal metastases secondary to prostate cancer. Cancer Growth Metastasis. 6:61-80, 2013
Goudarzi B et al: Detection of bone metastases using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with (11)C-methionine PET and bone scintigraphy. Magn Reson Imaging. 28(3):372-9, 2010
Borad MJ et al: Skeletal metastases in pancreatic cancer: a retrospective study and review of the literature. Yale J Biol Med. 82(1):1-6, 2009
Oztekin O et al: SSH-EPI diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the spine with low b values: is it useful in differentiating malignant metastatic tumor infiltration from benign fracture edema? Skeletal Radiol. 38(7):651-8, 2009
Israel O et al: FDG-PET and CT patterns of bone metastases and their relationship to previously administered anti-cancer therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 33(11):1280-4, 2006
Fogelman I et al: Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med. 35(2):135-42, 2005
Nakai T et al: Pitfalls of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of osteoblastic bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 32(11):1253-8, 2005
Tomita K et al: Surgical strategy for spinal metastases. Spine. 26(3):298-306, 2001
Wahl RL: Current status of PET in breast cancer imaging, staging, and therapy. Semin Roentgenol. 36(3):250-60, 2001
Castillo M et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging offers no advantage over routine noncontrast MR imaging in the detection of vertebral metastases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(5):948-53, 2000
Chamberlain MC et al: Epidural spinal cord compression: a single institution's retrospective experience. Neuro Oncol. 1(2):120-3, 1999
Vanel D et al: MRI of bone metastases. Eur Radiol. 8(8):1345-51, 1998
Ontell FK et al: Blastic osseous metastases in ovarian carcinoma. Can Assoc Radiol J. 46(3):231-4, 1995
Olson EM et al: Osseous metastasis in medulloblastoma: MRI findings in an unusual case. Clin Imaging. 15(4):286-9, 1991
Thrall JH et al: Skeletal metastases. Radiol Clin North Am. 25(6):1155-70, 1987
Aoki J et al: Sclerotic bone metastasis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 159(1):127-32, 1986
Galasko CS: Mechanisms of lytic and blastic metastatic disease of bone. Clin Orthop. (169):20-7, 1982
Joffe N et al: Osteoblastic bone metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Clin Radiol. 29(1):41-6, 1978
Kongtawng T et al: Radiographic evaluation of treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate. South Med J. 71(3):247-50, 1978