Brachial plexopathy: Injury to ≥ 1 brachial plexus nerve roots, trunks, or cords → upper extremity contracture
Glenohumeral dysplasia: Sequelae of brachial plexopathy on developing glenoid & humeral head
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Kim HHR et al: Contemporary imaging of the pediatric shoulder: pearls and pitfalls. Pediatr Radiol. 51(3):338-52, 2021
Ditzler MG et al: Modified Friedman technique: a new proposed method of measuring glenoid version in the setting of glenohumeral dysplasia. Pediatr Radiol. 48(12):1779-85, 2018
Donohue KW et al: Comparison of ultrasound and MRI for the diagnosis of glenohumeral dysplasia in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 99(2):123-32, 2017
Stein J et al: The effect of scapular position on magnetic resonance imaging measurements of glenohumeral dysplasia caused by neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 42(12):1030.e1-11, 2017
van de Bunt F et al: Analysis of normal and dysplastic glenohumeral morphology at magnetic resonance imaging in children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Radiol. 47(10):1337-44, 2017
Gharbaoui IS et al: Perspectives on glenohumeral joint contractures and shoulder dysfunction in children with perinatal brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Ther. 28(2):176-83; quiz 184, 2015
Menashe SJ et al: Brachial plexus birth palsy: multimodality imaging of spine and shoulder abnormalities in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(2):W199-206, 2015
Kozin SH et al: Advanced imaging and arthroscopic management of shoulder contracture after birth palsy. Hand Clin. 28(4):541-50, 2012
Lippert WC et al: The intrarater and interrater reliability of glenoid version and glenohumeral subluxation measurements in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 32(4):378-84, 2012
Pöyhiä TH et al: Brachial plexus birth injury: US screening for glenohumeral joint instability. Radiology. 254(1):253-60, 2010
Grissom LE et al: Infant shoulder sonography: technique, anatomy, and pathology. Pediatr Radiol. 31(12):863-8, 2001
Waters PM et al: Glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 80(5):668-77, 1998
Brachial plexopathy: Injury to ≥ 1 brachial plexus nerve roots, trunks, or cords → upper extremity contracture
Glenohumeral dysplasia: Sequelae of brachial plexopathy on developing glenoid & humeral head
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Kim HHR et al: Contemporary imaging of the pediatric shoulder: pearls and pitfalls. Pediatr Radiol. 51(3):338-52, 2021
Ditzler MG et al: Modified Friedman technique: a new proposed method of measuring glenoid version in the setting of glenohumeral dysplasia. Pediatr Radiol. 48(12):1779-85, 2018
Donohue KW et al: Comparison of ultrasound and MRI for the diagnosis of glenohumeral dysplasia in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 99(2):123-32, 2017
Stein J et al: The effect of scapular position on magnetic resonance imaging measurements of glenohumeral dysplasia caused by neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 42(12):1030.e1-11, 2017
van de Bunt F et al: Analysis of normal and dysplastic glenohumeral morphology at magnetic resonance imaging in children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Radiol. 47(10):1337-44, 2017
Gharbaoui IS et al: Perspectives on glenohumeral joint contractures and shoulder dysfunction in children with perinatal brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Ther. 28(2):176-83; quiz 184, 2015
Menashe SJ et al: Brachial plexus birth palsy: multimodality imaging of spine and shoulder abnormalities in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(2):W199-206, 2015
Kozin SH et al: Advanced imaging and arthroscopic management of shoulder contracture after birth palsy. Hand Clin. 28(4):541-50, 2012
Lippert WC et al: The intrarater and interrater reliability of glenoid version and glenohumeral subluxation measurements in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 32(4):378-84, 2012
Pöyhiä TH et al: Brachial plexus birth injury: US screening for glenohumeral joint instability. Radiology. 254(1):253-60, 2010
Grissom LE et al: Infant shoulder sonography: technique, anatomy, and pathology. Pediatr Radiol. 31(12):863-8, 2001
Waters PM et al: Glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 80(5):668-77, 1998
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