Abnormally slow heart rate < 100 beats per minute (BPM)
Benign transient bradycardia
Slowing of fetal heart rate followed by rapid and progressive recovery
Due to vagal stimulation
Sinus or low atrial bradycardia
Typical rates 90-130 BPM
Atrioventricular (AV) conduction intact
1st-degree AV block
Long PR interval but maintained 1:1 AV conduction
2nd-degree AV block
Long PR interval with intermittent AV conduction and AV block
Complete heart block (CHB)
Atrial rate normal
Slow independent ventricular rate (40-90 BPM)
Due to failed conduction from atrium to ventricle
Blocked premature atrial contractions (PAC)
Early atrial beat not followed by ventricular beat
IMAGING
General Features
Echocardiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Carvalho JS: Fetal dysrhythmias. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 58:28-41, 2019
Evers PD et al: Prenatal heart block screening in mothers with SSA/SSB autoantibodies: targeted screening protocol is a cost-effective strategy. Congenit Heart Dis. 14(2):221-9, 2019
Pruetz JD et al: Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital complete heart block. Birth Defects Res. 111(8):380-8, 2019
Cuneo BF et al: Home monitoring for fetal heart rhythm during anti-Ro pregnancies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(16):1940-51, 2018
Mitchell JL et al: Fetal heart rate predictors of long QT syndrome. Circulation. 126(23):2688-95, 2012
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Abnormally slow heart rate < 100 beats per minute (BPM)
Benign transient bradycardia
Slowing of fetal heart rate followed by rapid and progressive recovery
Due to vagal stimulation
Sinus or low atrial bradycardia
Typical rates 90-130 BPM
Atrioventricular (AV) conduction intact
1st-degree AV block
Long PR interval but maintained 1:1 AV conduction
2nd-degree AV block
Long PR interval with intermittent AV conduction and AV block
Complete heart block (CHB)
Atrial rate normal
Slow independent ventricular rate (40-90 BPM)
Due to failed conduction from atrium to ventricle
Blocked premature atrial contractions (PAC)
Early atrial beat not followed by ventricular beat
IMAGING
General Features
Echocardiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Carvalho JS: Fetal dysrhythmias. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 58:28-41, 2019
Evers PD et al: Prenatal heart block screening in mothers with SSA/SSB autoantibodies: targeted screening protocol is a cost-effective strategy. Congenit Heart Dis. 14(2):221-9, 2019
Pruetz JD et al: Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital complete heart block. Birth Defects Res. 111(8):380-8, 2019
Cuneo BF et al: Home monitoring for fetal heart rhythm during anti-Ro pregnancies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(16):1940-51, 2018
Mitchell JL et al: Fetal heart rate predictors of long QT syndrome. Circulation. 126(23):2688-95, 2012
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