Global or segmental hepatic venous outflow obstruction
At level of large hepatic veins or suprahepatic segment of inferior vena cava (IVC) to right atrium
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Vernuccio F et al: Spectrum of liver lesions hyperintense on hepatobiliary phase: an approach by clinical setting. Insights Imaging. 12(1):8, 2021
Olson MC et al: Venous thrombosis and hypercoagulability in the abdomen and pelvis: causes and imaging findings. Radiographics. 40(3):875-94, 2020
Mamone G et al: Budd-Chiari syndrome and hepatic regenerative nodules: magnetic resonance findings with emphasis of hepatobiliary phase. Eur J Radiol. 117:15-25, 2019
Yoneda N et al: Benign hepatocellular nodules: hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging based on molecular background. Radiographics. 36(7):2010-27, 2016
Søreide K: Acute Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with non-viral cryptogenic hepatocellular carcinoma: revisiting the 'chicken or the egg' theory. Hepatogastroenterology. 61(130):388-90, 2014
Akyüz F et al: Anticoagulant therapy and Budd-Chiari syndrome: is it successful? Hepatogastroenterology. 58(107-108):900-3, 2011
Chen H et al: Budd--Chiari syndrome caused by multiple membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava in a young man. Ann Vasc Surg. 25(8):1139, 2011
Dang XW et al: Surgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome: analysis of 221 cases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 10(4):435-8, 2011
Loomes DE et al: Acute Budd-Chiari syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol. 25(6):302-3, 2011
Mukund A et al: Radiological interventions in HVOTO--practical tips. Trop Gastroenterol. 32(1):4-14, 2011
Renzulli M et al: Large regenerative nodules in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome after TIPS positioning while on the liver transplantation list diagnosed by Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 10(4):439-42, 2011
Roullet S et al: Thrombocytopenia and acute Budd-Chiari syndrome after liver transplantation: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Anaesth. 107(3):475-7, 2011
Valla DC: Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol. 50(1):195-203, 2009
Karaosmanoglu D et al: CT, MRI, and US findings of incidental segmental distal hepatic vein occlusion: a new form of Budd-Chiari syndrome?. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 32(4):518-22, 2008
Lupescu IG et al: Spiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography evaluation in Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 17(2):223-6, 2008
Chaubal N et al: Sonography in Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Ultrasound Med. 25(3):373-9, 2006
Lee BB et al: Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome: outcome of endovascular management for suprahepatic venous obstruction. J Vasc Surg. 43(1):101-8, 2006
Brancatelli G et al: Benign regenerative nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome and other vascular disorders of the liver: radiologic-pathologic and clinical correlation. Radiographics. 22(4):847-62, 2002
Brancatelli G et al: Large regenerative nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome and other vascular disorders of the liver: CT and MR imaging findings with clinicopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(4):877-83, 2002
Vilgrain V et al: Hepatic nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome: imaging features. Radiology. 210(2):443-50, 1999
Kane R et al: Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome: comparison between sonography and MR angiography. Radiology. 195(1):117-21, 1995
Millener P et al: Color Doppler imaging findings in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: correlation with venographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(2):307-12, 1993
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS)
Synonyms
Hepatic venous outflow obstruction
Definitions
Global or segmental hepatic venous outflow obstruction
At level of large hepatic veins or suprahepatic segment of inferior vena cava (IVC) to right atrium
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Vernuccio F et al: Spectrum of liver lesions hyperintense on hepatobiliary phase: an approach by clinical setting. Insights Imaging. 12(1):8, 2021
Olson MC et al: Venous thrombosis and hypercoagulability in the abdomen and pelvis: causes and imaging findings. Radiographics. 40(3):875-94, 2020
Mamone G et al: Budd-Chiari syndrome and hepatic regenerative nodules: magnetic resonance findings with emphasis of hepatobiliary phase. Eur J Radiol. 117:15-25, 2019
Yoneda N et al: Benign hepatocellular nodules: hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging based on molecular background. Radiographics. 36(7):2010-27, 2016
Søreide K: Acute Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with non-viral cryptogenic hepatocellular carcinoma: revisiting the 'chicken or the egg' theory. Hepatogastroenterology. 61(130):388-90, 2014
Akyüz F et al: Anticoagulant therapy and Budd-Chiari syndrome: is it successful? Hepatogastroenterology. 58(107-108):900-3, 2011
Chen H et al: Budd--Chiari syndrome caused by multiple membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava in a young man. Ann Vasc Surg. 25(8):1139, 2011
Dang XW et al: Surgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome: analysis of 221 cases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 10(4):435-8, 2011
Loomes DE et al: Acute Budd-Chiari syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol. 25(6):302-3, 2011
Mukund A et al: Radiological interventions in HVOTO--practical tips. Trop Gastroenterol. 32(1):4-14, 2011
Renzulli M et al: Large regenerative nodules in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome after TIPS positioning while on the liver transplantation list diagnosed by Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 10(4):439-42, 2011
Roullet S et al: Thrombocytopenia and acute Budd-Chiari syndrome after liver transplantation: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Anaesth. 107(3):475-7, 2011
Valla DC: Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol. 50(1):195-203, 2009
Karaosmanoglu D et al: CT, MRI, and US findings of incidental segmental distal hepatic vein occlusion: a new form of Budd-Chiari syndrome?. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 32(4):518-22, 2008
Lupescu IG et al: Spiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography evaluation in Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 17(2):223-6, 2008
Chaubal N et al: Sonography in Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Ultrasound Med. 25(3):373-9, 2006
Lee BB et al: Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome: outcome of endovascular management for suprahepatic venous obstruction. J Vasc Surg. 43(1):101-8, 2006
Brancatelli G et al: Benign regenerative nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome and other vascular disorders of the liver: radiologic-pathologic and clinical correlation. Radiographics. 22(4):847-62, 2002
Brancatelli G et al: Large regenerative nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome and other vascular disorders of the liver: CT and MR imaging findings with clinicopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(4):877-83, 2002
Vilgrain V et al: Hepatic nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome: imaging features. Radiology. 210(2):443-50, 1999
Kane R et al: Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome: comparison between sonography and MR angiography. Radiology. 195(1):117-21, 1995
Millener P et al: Color Doppler imaging findings in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: correlation with venographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(2):307-12, 1993
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