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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)
- Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
- Biventricular pacemaker: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
- Right atrium (RA); right ventricle (RV); left atrium (LA); left ventricle (LV); atrioventricular (AV)
- Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)
Definitions
- North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology generic pacemaker code
- Position I: Denotes chamber(s) paced
- A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual (both atrium and ventricle)
- Position II: Refers to chambers sensed
- A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual; O = absence of sensing
- Position III: How pacer responds to sensed event
- I = inhibition; T = triggering; D = dual-response modes (restricted to dual chamber systems)
- Position IV: Relates to rate modulation (rate responsive or rate adaptive pacing)
- R = pacemaker has rate modulation; O = rate modulation unavailable or disabled
- Position V: Rarely used, location or absence of multisite pacing
- O = no multisite pacing; A = multisite pacing in atrium (atria); V = multisite pacing in ventricle(s); D = dual multisite pacing (both atrium and ventricle)
- Position I: Denotes chamber(s) paced
- North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology generic pacemaker code
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Khan K et al: Innovations in cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. ePub, 2021
- Chun KJ et al: Is transjugular insertion of a temporary pacemaker a safe and effective approach? PLoS One. 15(5):e0233129, 2020
- Wald G et al: Retained temporary epicardial pacing wires: a systematic review and treatment algorithm. Ann Plast Surg. 85(S1 Suppl 1):S44-9, 2020
- Beurskens NEG et al: Leadless cardiac pacing systems: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 16(11):923-30, 2019
- Ng JB et al: Simultaneous leadless pacemaker and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation-when vascular options have run out. J Arrhythm. 35(1):136-8, 2019
- Sterman J et al: Implantable electronic stimulation devices from head to sacrum: imaging features and functions. Radiographics. 39(4):1056-74, 2019
- Vijayaraman P et al: His bundle pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(8):927-47, 2018
- Dandamudi G et al: History of His bundle pacing. J Electrocardiol. 50(1):156-60, 2017
- Mitka M: First MRI-safe pacemaker receives conditional approval from FDA. JAMA. 305(10):985-6, 2011
- Zikria JF et al: MRI of patients with cardiac pacemakers: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(2):390-401, 2011
- Beck H et al: 50th Anniversary of the first successful permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States: historical review and future directions. Am J Cardiol. 106(6):810-8, 2010
- Parry SW et al: Implantable loop recorders in the investigation of unexplained syncope: a state of the art review. Heart. 96(20):1611-6, 2010
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)
- Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
- Biventricular pacemaker: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
- Right atrium (RA); right ventricle (RV); left atrium (LA); left ventricle (LV); atrioventricular (AV)
- Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)
Definitions
- North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology generic pacemaker code
- Position I: Denotes chamber(s) paced
- A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual (both atrium and ventricle)
- Position II: Refers to chambers sensed
- A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual; O = absence of sensing
- Position III: How pacer responds to sensed event
- I = inhibition; T = triggering; D = dual-response modes (restricted to dual chamber systems)
- Position IV: Relates to rate modulation (rate responsive or rate adaptive pacing)
- R = pacemaker has rate modulation; O = rate modulation unavailable or disabled
- Position V: Rarely used, location or absence of multisite pacing
- O = no multisite pacing; A = multisite pacing in atrium (atria); V = multisite pacing in ventricle(s); D = dual multisite pacing (both atrium and ventricle)
- Position I: Denotes chamber(s) paced
- North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology generic pacemaker code
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Khan K et al: Innovations in cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. ePub, 2021
- Chun KJ et al: Is transjugular insertion of a temporary pacemaker a safe and effective approach? PLoS One. 15(5):e0233129, 2020
- Wald G et al: Retained temporary epicardial pacing wires: a systematic review and treatment algorithm. Ann Plast Surg. 85(S1 Suppl 1):S44-9, 2020
- Beurskens NEG et al: Leadless cardiac pacing systems: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 16(11):923-30, 2019
- Ng JB et al: Simultaneous leadless pacemaker and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation-when vascular options have run out. J Arrhythm. 35(1):136-8, 2019
- Sterman J et al: Implantable electronic stimulation devices from head to sacrum: imaging features and functions. Radiographics. 39(4):1056-74, 2019
- Vijayaraman P et al: His bundle pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(8):927-47, 2018
- Dandamudi G et al: History of His bundle pacing. J Electrocardiol. 50(1):156-60, 2017
- Mitka M: First MRI-safe pacemaker receives conditional approval from FDA. JAMA. 305(10):985-6, 2011
- Zikria JF et al: MRI of patients with cardiac pacemakers: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(2):390-401, 2011
- Beck H et al: 50th Anniversary of the first successful permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States: historical review and future directions. Am J Cardiol. 106(6):810-8, 2010
- Parry SW et al: Implantable loop recorders in the investigation of unexplained syncope: a state of the art review. Heart. 96(20):1611-6, 2010
