Right atrium (RA); right ventricle (RV); left atrium (LA); left ventricle (LV); atrioventricular (AV)
Definitions
North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology generic pacemaker code
Position I: Denotes chamber(s) paced
A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual (both atrium and ventricle)
Position II: Refers to chambers sensed
A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual; O = absence of sensing
Position III: How pacer responds to sensed event
I = inhibition; T = triggering; D = dual-response modes (restricted to dual chamber systems)
Position IV: Relates to rate modulation (rate responsive or rate adaptive pacing)
R = pacemaker has rate modulation; O = rate modulation unavailable or disabled
Position V: Rarely used, location or absence of multisite pacing
O = no multisite pacing; A = multisite pacing in atrium (atria); V = multisite pacing in ventricle(s); D = dual multisite pacing (both atrium and ventricle)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Khan K et al: Innovations in cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. ePub, 2021
Chun KJ et al: Is transjugular insertion of a temporary pacemaker a safe and effective approach? PLoS One. 15(5):e0233129, 2020
Wald G et al: Retained temporary epicardial pacing wires: a systematic review and treatment algorithm. Ann Plast Surg. 85(S1 Suppl 1):S44-9, 2020
Beurskens NEG et al: Leadless cardiac pacing systems: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 16(11):923-30, 2019
Ng JB et al: Simultaneous leadless pacemaker and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation-when vascular options have run out. J Arrhythm. 35(1):136-8, 2019
Sterman J et al: Implantable electronic stimulation devices from head to sacrum: imaging features and functions. Radiographics. 39(4):1056-74, 2019
Vijayaraman P et al: His bundle pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(8):927-47, 2018
Dandamudi G et al: History of His bundle pacing. J Electrocardiol. 50(1):156-60, 2017
Mitka M: First MRI-safe pacemaker receives conditional approval from FDA. JAMA. 305(10):985-6, 2011
Zikria JF et al: MRI of patients with cardiac pacemakers: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(2):390-401, 2011
Beck H et al: 50th Anniversary of the first successful permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States: historical review and future directions. Am J Cardiol. 106(6):810-8, 2010
Parry SW et al: Implantable loop recorders in the investigation of unexplained syncope: a state of the art review. Heart. 96(20):1611-6, 2010
Right atrium (RA); right ventricle (RV); left atrium (LA); left ventricle (LV); atrioventricular (AV)
Definitions
North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology generic pacemaker code
Position I: Denotes chamber(s) paced
A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual (both atrium and ventricle)
Position II: Refers to chambers sensed
A = atrium; V = ventricle; D = dual; O = absence of sensing
Position III: How pacer responds to sensed event
I = inhibition; T = triggering; D = dual-response modes (restricted to dual chamber systems)
Position IV: Relates to rate modulation (rate responsive or rate adaptive pacing)
R = pacemaker has rate modulation; O = rate modulation unavailable or disabled
Position V: Rarely used, location or absence of multisite pacing
O = no multisite pacing; A = multisite pacing in atrium (atria); V = multisite pacing in ventricle(s); D = dual multisite pacing (both atrium and ventricle)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Khan K et al: Innovations in cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. ePub, 2021
Chun KJ et al: Is transjugular insertion of a temporary pacemaker a safe and effective approach? PLoS One. 15(5):e0233129, 2020
Wald G et al: Retained temporary epicardial pacing wires: a systematic review and treatment algorithm. Ann Plast Surg. 85(S1 Suppl 1):S44-9, 2020
Beurskens NEG et al: Leadless cardiac pacing systems: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 16(11):923-30, 2019
Ng JB et al: Simultaneous leadless pacemaker and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation-when vascular options have run out. J Arrhythm. 35(1):136-8, 2019
Sterman J et al: Implantable electronic stimulation devices from head to sacrum: imaging features and functions. Radiographics. 39(4):1056-74, 2019
Vijayaraman P et al: His bundle pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(8):927-47, 2018
Dandamudi G et al: History of His bundle pacing. J Electrocardiol. 50(1):156-60, 2017
Mitka M: First MRI-safe pacemaker receives conditional approval from FDA. JAMA. 305(10):985-6, 2011
Zikria JF et al: MRI of patients with cardiac pacemakers: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(2):390-401, 2011
Beck H et al: 50th Anniversary of the first successful permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States: historical review and future directions. Am J Cardiol. 106(6):810-8, 2010
Parry SW et al: Implantable loop recorders in the investigation of unexplained syncope: a state of the art review. Heart. 96(20):1611-6, 2010
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