von Reutern GM et al: Grading carotid stenosis using ultrasonic methods. Stroke. 43(3):916-21, 2012
Wardlaw JM et al: Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess. 10(30):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-182, 2006
Zwiebel WJ: Ultrasound Assessment of Carotid Plaque. In Zwiebel WJ et al: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 155-69, 2005
Grant EG et al: Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology. 229(2):340-6, 2003
Gorelick PB: Carotid endarterectomy : where do we draw the line? Stroke. 30(9):1745-50, 1999
Lee DH et al: Duplex and color Doppler flow sonography of occlusion and near occlusion of the carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(7):1267-74, 1996
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Stenosis: Narrowing of luminal diameter or area
Occlusion: Complete blockage
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
von Reutern GM et al: Grading carotid stenosis using ultrasonic methods. Stroke. 43(3):916-21, 2012
Wardlaw JM et al: Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess. 10(30):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-182, 2006
Zwiebel WJ: Ultrasound Assessment of Carotid Plaque. In Zwiebel WJ et al: Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 155-69, 2005
Grant EG et al: Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology. 229(2):340-6, 2003
Gorelick PB: Carotid endarterectomy : where do we draw the line? Stroke. 30(9):1745-50, 1999
Lee DH et al: Duplex and color Doppler flow sonography of occlusion and near occlusion of the carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(7):1267-74, 1996
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