Caudal agenesis: Congenital absence of caudal spine, frequently in conjunction with spinal cord malformations
Caudal regression syndrome (CRS): Spectrum of anomalies in association with caudal agenesis, mainly anorectal &/or genitourinary malformations
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Warner T et al: Caudal regression syndrome-A review focusing on genetic associations. World Neurosurg. 138:461-7, 2020
Nalbandyan M et al: Descriptive and risk factor analysis of nonsyndromic sacral agenesis: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Am J Med Genet A. 179(9):1799-814, 2019
Mottet N et al: How to explore fetal sacral agenesis without open dysraphism: key prenatal imaging and clinical implications. J Ultrasound Med. 37(7):1807-20, 2018
Balioğlu MB et al: Sacral agenesis: evaluation of accompanying pathologies in 38 cases, with analysis of long-term outcomes. Childs Nerv Syst. 32(9):1693-702, 2016
Isik Kaygusuz E et al: Sirenomelia: a review of embryogenic theories and discussion of the differences from caudal regression syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 29(6):949-53, 2016
Beaumont C et al: Prenatal imaging of caudal regression syndrome with postnatal correlation: novel insights. Fetal Diagn Ther. 34(2):131-2, 2013
Jeelani Y et al: Closed neural tube defects in children with caudal regression. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1451-7, 2013
Palacios-Marqués A et al: Prenatal diagnosis of caudal dysplasia sequence associated with undiagnosed type I diabetes. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013
Sharma P et al: Clinico-radiologic findings in group II caudal regression syndrome. J Clin Imaging Sci. 3:26, 2013
Barkovich AJ, et al: Pediatric Neuroimaging: 5th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 887-8, 2012
Torre M et al: Long-term urologic outcome in patients with caudal regression syndrome, compared with meningomyelocele and spinal cord lipoma. J Pediatr Surg. 43(3):530-3, 2008
Tortori-Donati P et al: Pediatric Neuroradiology. Springer-Verlag. 1596-601, 2005
Das BB et al: Caudal regression syndrome versus sirenomelia: a case report. J Perinatol. 22(2):168-70, 2002
Nievelstein RA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in children with anorectal malformations: embryologic implications. J Pediatr Surg. 37(8):1138-45, 2002
Heij HA et al: Abnormal anatomy of the lumbosacral region imaged by magnetic resonance in children with anorectal malformations. Arch Dis Child. 74(5):441-4, 1996
Nievelstein RA et al: MR of the caudal regression syndrome: embryologic implications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(6):1021-9, 1994
Pang D: Sacral agenesis and caudal spinal cord malformations. Neurosurgery. 32(5):755-78; discussion 778-9, 1993
Barkovich AJ et al: The wedge-shaped cord terminus: a radiographic sign of caudal regression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10(6):1223-31, 1989
Caudal agenesis: Congenital absence of caudal spine, frequently in conjunction with spinal cord malformations
Caudal regression syndrome (CRS): Spectrum of anomalies in association with caudal agenesis, mainly anorectal &/or genitourinary malformations
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Warner T et al: Caudal regression syndrome-A review focusing on genetic associations. World Neurosurg. 138:461-7, 2020
Nalbandyan M et al: Descriptive and risk factor analysis of nonsyndromic sacral agenesis: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Am J Med Genet A. 179(9):1799-814, 2019
Mottet N et al: How to explore fetal sacral agenesis without open dysraphism: key prenatal imaging and clinical implications. J Ultrasound Med. 37(7):1807-20, 2018
Balioğlu MB et al: Sacral agenesis: evaluation of accompanying pathologies in 38 cases, with analysis of long-term outcomes. Childs Nerv Syst. 32(9):1693-702, 2016
Isik Kaygusuz E et al: Sirenomelia: a review of embryogenic theories and discussion of the differences from caudal regression syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 29(6):949-53, 2016
Beaumont C et al: Prenatal imaging of caudal regression syndrome with postnatal correlation: novel insights. Fetal Diagn Ther. 34(2):131-2, 2013
Jeelani Y et al: Closed neural tube defects in children with caudal regression. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1451-7, 2013
Palacios-Marqués A et al: Prenatal diagnosis of caudal dysplasia sequence associated with undiagnosed type I diabetes. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013
Sharma P et al: Clinico-radiologic findings in group II caudal regression syndrome. J Clin Imaging Sci. 3:26, 2013
Barkovich AJ, et al: Pediatric Neuroimaging: 5th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 887-8, 2012
Torre M et al: Long-term urologic outcome in patients with caudal regression syndrome, compared with meningomyelocele and spinal cord lipoma. J Pediatr Surg. 43(3):530-3, 2008
Tortori-Donati P et al: Pediatric Neuroradiology. Springer-Verlag. 1596-601, 2005
Das BB et al: Caudal regression syndrome versus sirenomelia: a case report. J Perinatol. 22(2):168-70, 2002
Nievelstein RA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in children with anorectal malformations: embryologic implications. J Pediatr Surg. 37(8):1138-45, 2002
Heij HA et al: Abnormal anatomy of the lumbosacral region imaged by magnetic resonance in children with anorectal malformations. Arch Dis Child. 74(5):441-4, 1996
Nievelstein RA et al: MR of the caudal regression syndrome: embryologic implications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(6):1021-9, 1994
Pang D: Sacral agenesis and caudal spinal cord malformations. Neurosurgery. 32(5):755-78; discussion 778-9, 1993
Barkovich AJ et al: The wedge-shaped cord terminus: a radiographic sign of caudal regression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10(6):1223-31, 1989
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.