Cavernous malformation (CM): Benign vascular lesion arising in CNS
Consists of dilated sinusoids containing blood products of various ages & lined by thin, immature walls
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Goyal P et al: Pediatric congenital cerebrovascular anomalies. J Neuroimaging. 29(2):165-81, 2019
Neu MA et al: Susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular sequelae after radiotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Radiother Oncol. 127(2):280-6, 2018
Spiegler S et al: Cerebral cavernous malformations: an update on prevalence, molecular genetic analyses, and genetic counselling. Mol Syndromol. 9(2):60-9, 2018
Brinjikji W et al: Prevalence of cerebral cavernous malformations associated with developmental venous anomalies increases with age. Childs Nerv Syst. 33(9):1539-43, 2017
Young A et al: Sensitivity of susceptibility-weighted imaging in detecting developmental venous anomalies and associated cavernomas and microhemorrhages in children. Neuroradiology. 59(8):797-802, 2017
Choquet H et al: Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations: current status and future prospects. J Neurosurg Sci. 59(3):211-20, 2015
Gross BA et al: The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-6, 2015
Horne MA et al: Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol.15(2):166-73, 2015
Kosnik-Infinger L et al: Management of cerebral cavernous malformations in the pediatric population: a literature review and case illustrations. J Neurosurg Sci. 59(3):283-94, 2015
Nikoubashman O et al: Prospective hemorrhage rates of cerebral cavernous malformations in children and adolescents based on MRI appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(11):2177-83, 2015
Di Giannatale A et al: Natural history of cavernous malformations in children with brain tumors treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Neurooncol. 117(2):311-20, 2014
Mikati AG et al: Dynamic permeability and quantitative susceptibility: related imaging biomarkers in cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 45(2):598-601, 2014
Nagy G et al: Stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 24(4):575-89, 2013
Al-Holou WN et al: Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(2):198-205, 2012
Alexiou GA et al: Treatment options for central nervous system cavernous malformations in children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 15(3):281, 2011
Chang EF et al: Supratentorial cavernous malformations in eloquent and deep locations: surgical approaches and outcomes. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 114(3):814-27, 2011
Ozgen B et al: Radiological features of childhood giant cavernous malformations. Neuroradiology. 53(4):283-9, 2011
Abla AA et al: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem presenting in childhood: surgical experience in 40 patients. Neurosurgery. 67(6):1589-98; discussion 1598-9, 2010
Smith ER et al: Cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 21(3):483-90, 2010
Chen L et al: Apoptotic functions of PDCD10/CCM3, the gene mutated in cerebral cavernous malformation 3. Stroke. 40(4):1474-81, 2009
Shenkar R et al: Advanced magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations: part I. High-field imaging of excised human lesions. Neurosurgery. 63(4):782-9; discussion 789, 2008
Shenkar R et al: Advanced magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations: part II. Imaging of lesions in murine models. Neurosurgery. 63(4):790-7; discussion 797-8, 2008
Yun TJ et al: A T1 hyperintense perilesional signal aids in the differentiation of a cavernous angioma from other hemorrhagic masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(3):494-500, 2008
Reich P et al: Molecular genetic investigations in the CCM1 gene in sporadic cerebral cavernomas. Neurology. 60(7):1135-8, 2003
Kehrer-Sawatzki H et al: Mutation and expression analysis of the KRIT1 gene associated with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM1). Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 104(3):231-40, 2002
Cavernous malformation (CM): Benign vascular lesion arising in CNS
Consists of dilated sinusoids containing blood products of various ages & lined by thin, immature walls
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Goyal P et al: Pediatric congenital cerebrovascular anomalies. J Neuroimaging. 29(2):165-81, 2019
Neu MA et al: Susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular sequelae after radiotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Radiother Oncol. 127(2):280-6, 2018
Spiegler S et al: Cerebral cavernous malformations: an update on prevalence, molecular genetic analyses, and genetic counselling. Mol Syndromol. 9(2):60-9, 2018
Brinjikji W et al: Prevalence of cerebral cavernous malformations associated with developmental venous anomalies increases with age. Childs Nerv Syst. 33(9):1539-43, 2017
Young A et al: Sensitivity of susceptibility-weighted imaging in detecting developmental venous anomalies and associated cavernomas and microhemorrhages in children. Neuroradiology. 59(8):797-802, 2017
Choquet H et al: Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations: current status and future prospects. J Neurosurg Sci. 59(3):211-20, 2015
Gross BA et al: The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-6, 2015
Horne MA et al: Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol.15(2):166-73, 2015
Kosnik-Infinger L et al: Management of cerebral cavernous malformations in the pediatric population: a literature review and case illustrations. J Neurosurg Sci. 59(3):283-94, 2015
Nikoubashman O et al: Prospective hemorrhage rates of cerebral cavernous malformations in children and adolescents based on MRI appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(11):2177-83, 2015
Di Giannatale A et al: Natural history of cavernous malformations in children with brain tumors treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Neurooncol. 117(2):311-20, 2014
Mikati AG et al: Dynamic permeability and quantitative susceptibility: related imaging biomarkers in cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 45(2):598-601, 2014
Nagy G et al: Stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 24(4):575-89, 2013
Al-Holou WN et al: Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(2):198-205, 2012
Alexiou GA et al: Treatment options for central nervous system cavernous malformations in children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 15(3):281, 2011
Chang EF et al: Supratentorial cavernous malformations in eloquent and deep locations: surgical approaches and outcomes. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 114(3):814-27, 2011
Ozgen B et al: Radiological features of childhood giant cavernous malformations. Neuroradiology. 53(4):283-9, 2011
Abla AA et al: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem presenting in childhood: surgical experience in 40 patients. Neurosurgery. 67(6):1589-98; discussion 1598-9, 2010
Smith ER et al: Cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 21(3):483-90, 2010
Chen L et al: Apoptotic functions of PDCD10/CCM3, the gene mutated in cerebral cavernous malformation 3. Stroke. 40(4):1474-81, 2009
Shenkar R et al: Advanced magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations: part I. High-field imaging of excised human lesions. Neurosurgery. 63(4):782-9; discussion 789, 2008
Shenkar R et al: Advanced magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral cavernous malformations: part II. Imaging of lesions in murine models. Neurosurgery. 63(4):790-7; discussion 797-8, 2008
Yun TJ et al: A T1 hyperintense perilesional signal aids in the differentiation of a cavernous angioma from other hemorrhagic masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(3):494-500, 2008
Reich P et al: Molecular genetic investigations in the CCM1 gene in sporadic cerebral cavernomas. Neurology. 60(7):1135-8, 2003
Kehrer-Sawatzki H et al: Mutation and expression analysis of the KRIT1 gene associated with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM1). Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 104(3):231-40, 2002
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