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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Cavernous malformation (CM)
Synonyms
Cavernoma
Definitions
Benign vascular hamartoma with intralesional hemorrhages, no neural tissue
Contains masses of closely apposed immature blood vessels ("caverns")
Intralesional hemorrhages of different ages
CMs exhibit range of dynamic behaviors (enlargement, regression, de novo formation)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Aslan A et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation presenting in childhood: a single-centered surgical experience of 29 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 194:105830, 2020
Flemming KD et al: Predictors of initial presentation with hemorrhage in patients with cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 133:e767-73, 2020
Gomez-Paz S et al: Symptomatic hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: Evidence from a cohort study. World Neurosurg. 135:e477-87, 2020
Kurihara N et al: Hemorrhage owing to cerebral cavernous malformation: imaging, clinical, and histopathological considerations. Jpn J Radiol. 38(7):613-21, 2020
Mabray MC et al: High prevalence of spinal cord cavernous malformations in the familial cerebral cavernous malformations type 1 cohort. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):1126-30, 2020
Zheng JJ et al: Natural history of incidentally diagnosed brainstem cavernous malformations in a prospective observational cohort. Neurosurg Rev. ePub, 2020
Das KK et al: Coexistent cerebral cavernous malformation and developmental venous anomaly: Does an aggressive natural history always call for surgical intervention? Asian J Neurosurg. 14(1):318-21, 2019
Gross BA et al: Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage: A review. JAMA. 321(13):1295-303, 2019
Kearns KN et al: Outcomes of surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations: A systematic review. Stroke. 50(10):2964-6, 2019
Kearns KN et al: Hemorrhage risk of untreated isolated cerebral cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 131:e557-61, 2019
Rinkel LA et al: Radiosurgical, neurosurgical, or no intervention for cerebral cavernous malformations: A decision analysis. Int J Stroke. 14(9):939-45, 2019
Spiegler S et al: Precise CCM1 gene correction and inactivation in patient-derived endothelial cells: Modeling Knudson's two-hit hypothesis in vitro. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 7(7):e00755, 2019
Wang K et al: CCM3 and cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 4(2):67-70, 2019
Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
Meng G et al: The association between cerebral developmental venous anomaly and concomitant cavernous malformation: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Neurol. 14:50, 2014
Mikati AG et al: Dynamic permeability and quantitative susceptibility: related imaging biomarkers in cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 45(2):598-601, 2014
Jurkiewicz E et al: Giant cerebellar cavernous malformation in 4-month-old boy. Case report and review of the literature. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 47(6):596-600, 2013
Nikoubashman O et al: Natural history of cerebral dot-like cavernomas. Clin Radiol. 68(8):e453-9, 2013
Al-Holou WN et al: Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(2):198-205, 2012
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Cavernous malformation (CM)
Synonyms
Cavernoma
Definitions
Benign vascular hamartoma with intralesional hemorrhages, no neural tissue
Contains masses of closely apposed immature blood vessels ("caverns")
Intralesional hemorrhages of different ages
CMs exhibit range of dynamic behaviors (enlargement, regression, de novo formation)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Aslan A et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation presenting in childhood: a single-centered surgical experience of 29 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 194:105830, 2020
Flemming KD et al: Predictors of initial presentation with hemorrhage in patients with cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 133:e767-73, 2020
Gomez-Paz S et al: Symptomatic hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: Evidence from a cohort study. World Neurosurg. 135:e477-87, 2020
Kurihara N et al: Hemorrhage owing to cerebral cavernous malformation: imaging, clinical, and histopathological considerations. Jpn J Radiol. 38(7):613-21, 2020
Mabray MC et al: High prevalence of spinal cord cavernous malformations in the familial cerebral cavernous malformations type 1 cohort. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):1126-30, 2020
Zheng JJ et al: Natural history of incidentally diagnosed brainstem cavernous malformations in a prospective observational cohort. Neurosurg Rev. ePub, 2020
Das KK et al: Coexistent cerebral cavernous malformation and developmental venous anomaly: Does an aggressive natural history always call for surgical intervention? Asian J Neurosurg. 14(1):318-21, 2019
Gross BA et al: Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage: A review. JAMA. 321(13):1295-303, 2019
Kearns KN et al: Outcomes of surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations: A systematic review. Stroke. 50(10):2964-6, 2019
Kearns KN et al: Hemorrhage risk of untreated isolated cerebral cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 131:e557-61, 2019
Rinkel LA et al: Radiosurgical, neurosurgical, or no intervention for cerebral cavernous malformations: A decision analysis. Int J Stroke. 14(9):939-45, 2019
Spiegler S et al: Precise CCM1 gene correction and inactivation in patient-derived endothelial cells: Modeling Knudson's two-hit hypothesis in vitro. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 7(7):e00755, 2019
Wang K et al: CCM3 and cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 4(2):67-70, 2019
Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
Meng G et al: The association between cerebral developmental venous anomaly and concomitant cavernous malformation: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Neurol. 14:50, 2014
Mikati AG et al: Dynamic permeability and quantitative susceptibility: related imaging biomarkers in cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 45(2):598-601, 2014
Jurkiewicz E et al: Giant cerebellar cavernous malformation in 4-month-old boy. Case report and review of the literature. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 47(6):596-600, 2013
Nikoubashman O et al: Natural history of cerebral dot-like cavernomas. Clin Radiol. 68(8):e453-9, 2013
Al-Holou WN et al: Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(2):198-205, 2012
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