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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cavernous malformation (CM)
Synonyms
- Cavernoma
Definitions
- Benign vascular hamartoma with intralesional hemorrhages, no neural tissue
- Contains masses of closely apposed immature blood vessels ("caverns")
- Intralesional hemorrhages of different ages
- CMs exhibit range of dynamic behaviors (enlargement, regression, de novo formation)
- Benign vascular hamartoma with intralesional hemorrhages, no neural tissue
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Aslan A et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation presenting in childhood: a single-centered surgical experience of 29 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 194:105830, 2020
- Flemming KD et al: Predictors of initial presentation with hemorrhage in patients with cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 133:e767-73, 2020
- Gomez-Paz S et al: Symptomatic hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: Evidence from a cohort study. World Neurosurg. 135:e477-87, 2020
- Kurihara N et al: Hemorrhage owing to cerebral cavernous malformation: imaging, clinical, and histopathological considerations. Jpn J Radiol. 38(7):613-21, 2020
- Mabray MC et al: High prevalence of spinal cord cavernous malformations in the familial cerebral cavernous malformations type 1 cohort. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):1126-30, 2020
- Zheng JJ et al: Natural history of incidentally diagnosed brainstem cavernous malformations in a prospective observational cohort. Neurosurg Rev. ePub, 2020
- Das KK et al: Coexistent cerebral cavernous malformation and developmental venous anomaly: Does an aggressive natural history always call for surgical intervention? Asian J Neurosurg. 14(1):318-21, 2019
- Gross BA et al: Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage: A review. JAMA. 321(13):1295-303, 2019
- Kearns KN et al: Outcomes of surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations: A systematic review. Stroke. 50(10):2964-6, 2019
- Kearns KN et al: Hemorrhage risk of untreated isolated cerebral cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 131:e557-61, 2019
- Rinkel LA et al: Radiosurgical, neurosurgical, or no intervention for cerebral cavernous malformations: A decision analysis. Int J Stroke. 14(9):939-45, 2019
- Spiegler S et al: Precise CCM1 gene correction and inactivation in patient-derived endothelial cells: Modeling Knudson's two-hit hypothesis in vitro. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 7(7):e00755, 2019
- Wang K et al: CCM3 and cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 4(2):67-70, 2019
- Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
- Meng G et al: The association between cerebral developmental venous anomaly and concomitant cavernous malformation: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Neurol. 14:50, 2014
- Mikati AG et al: Dynamic permeability and quantitative susceptibility: related imaging biomarkers in cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 45(2):598-601, 2014
- Jurkiewicz E et al: Giant cerebellar cavernous malformation in 4-month-old boy. Case report and review of the literature. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 47(6):596-600, 2013
- Nikoubashman O et al: Natural history of cerebral dot-like cavernomas. Clin Radiol. 68(8):e453-9, 2013
- Al-Holou WN et al: Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(2):198-205, 2012
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cavernous malformation (CM)
Synonyms
- Cavernoma
Definitions
- Benign vascular hamartoma with intralesional hemorrhages, no neural tissue
- Contains masses of closely apposed immature blood vessels ("caverns")
- Intralesional hemorrhages of different ages
- CMs exhibit range of dynamic behaviors (enlargement, regression, de novo formation)
- Benign vascular hamartoma with intralesional hemorrhages, no neural tissue
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Aslan A et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation presenting in childhood: a single-centered surgical experience of 29 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 194:105830, 2020
- Flemming KD et al: Predictors of initial presentation with hemorrhage in patients with cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 133:e767-73, 2020
- Gomez-Paz S et al: Symptomatic hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: Evidence from a cohort study. World Neurosurg. 135:e477-87, 2020
- Kurihara N et al: Hemorrhage owing to cerebral cavernous malformation: imaging, clinical, and histopathological considerations. Jpn J Radiol. 38(7):613-21, 2020
- Mabray MC et al: High prevalence of spinal cord cavernous malformations in the familial cerebral cavernous malformations type 1 cohort. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):1126-30, 2020
- Zheng JJ et al: Natural history of incidentally diagnosed brainstem cavernous malformations in a prospective observational cohort. Neurosurg Rev. ePub, 2020
- Das KK et al: Coexistent cerebral cavernous malformation and developmental venous anomaly: Does an aggressive natural history always call for surgical intervention? Asian J Neurosurg. 14(1):318-21, 2019
- Gross BA et al: Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage: A review. JAMA. 321(13):1295-303, 2019
- Kearns KN et al: Outcomes of surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations: A systematic review. Stroke. 50(10):2964-6, 2019
- Kearns KN et al: Hemorrhage risk of untreated isolated cerebral cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 131:e557-61, 2019
- Rinkel LA et al: Radiosurgical, neurosurgical, or no intervention for cerebral cavernous malformations: A decision analysis. Int J Stroke. 14(9):939-45, 2019
- Spiegler S et al: Precise CCM1 gene correction and inactivation in patient-derived endothelial cells: Modeling Knudson's two-hit hypothesis in vitro. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 7(7):e00755, 2019
- Wang K et al: CCM3 and cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 4(2):67-70, 2019
- Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
- Meng G et al: The association between cerebral developmental venous anomaly and concomitant cavernous malformation: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Neurol. 14:50, 2014
- Mikati AG et al: Dynamic permeability and quantitative susceptibility: related imaging biomarkers in cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 45(2):598-601, 2014
- Jurkiewicz E et al: Giant cerebellar cavernous malformation in 4-month-old boy. Case report and review of the literature. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 47(6):596-600, 2013
- Nikoubashman O et al: Natural history of cerebral dot-like cavernomas. Clin Radiol. 68(8):e453-9, 2013
- Al-Holou WN et al: Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(2):198-205, 2012
