Vascular lesion with lobulated, thin sinusoidal vascular channels and no interspersed neural tissue
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Awad IA et al: Cavernous angiomas: deconstructing a neurosurgical disease. J Neurosurg. 131(1):1-13, 2019
Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
Otten M et al: Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 143:233-9, 2017
Badhiwala JH et al: Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 21(4):662-76, 2014
Pearl MS et al: Angiographic detection and characterization of "cryptic venous anomalies" associated with spinal cord cavernous malformations using flat-panel catheter angiotomography. Neurosurgery. 71(1 Suppl Operative):125-32, 2012
Tong X et al: Clinical presentation and surgical outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg Spine. 16(3):308-14, 2012
Consiglieri GD et al: Utility of the CO(2) laser in the microsurgical resection of cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 79(5-6):714-8, 2013
Kivelev J et al: A proposed grading system of brain and spinal cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 69(4):807-13; discussion 813-4, 2011
Maslehaty H et al: Symptomatic spinal cavernous malformations: indication for microsurgical treatment and outcome. Eur Spine J. 20(10):1765-70, 2011
Mitha AP et al: Surgical approaches to intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 68(2 Suppl Operative):317-24; discussion 324, 2011
Labauge P et al: Outcome in 53 patients with spinal cord cavernomas. Surg Neurol. 70(2):176-81; discussion 181, 2008
Lee ST et al: Identification of an Arg35X mutation in the PDCD10 gene in a patient with cerebral and multiple spinal cavernous malformations. J Neurol Sci. 267(1-2):177-81, 2008
Kharkar S et al: The natural history of conservatively managed symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 60(5):865-72; discussion 865-72, 2007
Jallo GI et al: Clinical presentation and optimal management for intramedullary cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 21(1):e10, 2006
Musunuru K et al: Widespread central nervous system cavernous malformations associated with cafe-au-lait skin lesions. Case report. J Neurosurg. 99(2):412-5, 2003
Sandalcioglu IE et al: Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: clinical features and risk of hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 26(4):253-6, 2003
Chen DH et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation: novel mutation in a Chinese family and evidence for heterogeneity. J Neurol Sci. 196(1-2):91-6, 2002
Nagib MG et al: Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord in the pediatric age group: a pediatric series. Pediatr Neurosurg. 36(2):57-63, 2002
Balaban H et al: Multiple spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(2):120-2, 2001
Clatterbuck RE et al: The nature and fate of punctate (type IV) cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 49(1):26-30; discussion 30-2, 2001
Deutsch H et al: Pediatric intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations. Spine. 26(18):E427-31, 2001
Mottolese C et al: Central nervous system cavernomas in the pediatric age group. Neurosurg Rev. 24(2-3):55-71; discussion 72-3, 2001
Sure U et al: Endothelial proliferation, neoangiogenesis, and potential de novo generation of cerebrovascular malformations. J Neurosurg. 94(6):972-7, 2001
Zacharia TT et al: Co-existing spinal cord and brain cavernous angiomas. J Assoc Physicians India. 49:835-7, 2001
Deutsch H et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome. J Neurosurg. 93(1 Suppl):65-70, 2000
Chabert E et al: Intramedullary cavernous malformations. J Neuroradiol. 26(4):262-8, 1999
Maraire JN et al: De novo development of a cavernous malformation of the spinal cord following spinal axis radiation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 90(2 Suppl):234-8, 1999
Moriarity JL et al: The natural history of cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 10(3):411-7, 1999
Porter RW et al: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg. 90(1):50-8, 1999
Vishteh AG et al: Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 45(1):30-2; discussion 33, 1999
Zevgaridis D et al: Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 141(3):237-45, 1999
Duke BJ et al: Cavernous angiomas of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 50(5):442-5, 1998
Huffmann BC et al: Treatment strategies and results in spinal vascular malformations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 38 Suppl:231-7, 1998
Naim-Ur-Rahman et al: Intramedullary ossified cavernous angioma of the spinal cord: case report. Br J Neurosurg. 12(3):267-70, 1998
Padovani R et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal district: surgical treatment of 11 patients. Eur Spine J. 6(5):298-303, 1997
Harrison MJ et al: Symptomatic cavernous malformations affecting the spine and spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 37(2):195-204; discussion 204-5, 1995
Spetzger U et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord clinical presentation, surgical strategy, and postoperative results. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 134(3-4):200-6, 1995
Turjman F et al: MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas. Neuroradiology. 37(4):297-302, 1995
Canavero S et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernous angiomas: a literature meta-analysis. Surg Neurol. 41(5):381-8, 1994
Acciarri N et al: Surgical treatment of spinal cavernous angiomas. J Neurosurg Sci. 37(4):209-15, 1993
Acciarri N et al: Spinal cavernous angioma: a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 37(6):453-6, 1992
Bourgouin PM et al: Multiple occult vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord: MRI diagnosis. Neuroradiology. 34(2):110-1, 1992
Vascular lesion with lobulated, thin sinusoidal vascular channels and no interspersed neural tissue
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Awad IA et al: Cavernous angiomas: deconstructing a neurosurgical disease. J Neurosurg. 131(1):1-13, 2019
Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
Otten M et al: Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 143:233-9, 2017
Badhiwala JH et al: Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 21(4):662-76, 2014
Pearl MS et al: Angiographic detection and characterization of "cryptic venous anomalies" associated with spinal cord cavernous malformations using flat-panel catheter angiotomography. Neurosurgery. 71(1 Suppl Operative):125-32, 2012
Tong X et al: Clinical presentation and surgical outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg Spine. 16(3):308-14, 2012
Consiglieri GD et al: Utility of the CO(2) laser in the microsurgical resection of cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 79(5-6):714-8, 2013
Kivelev J et al: A proposed grading system of brain and spinal cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 69(4):807-13; discussion 813-4, 2011
Maslehaty H et al: Symptomatic spinal cavernous malformations: indication for microsurgical treatment and outcome. Eur Spine J. 20(10):1765-70, 2011
Mitha AP et al: Surgical approaches to intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 68(2 Suppl Operative):317-24; discussion 324, 2011
Labauge P et al: Outcome in 53 patients with spinal cord cavernomas. Surg Neurol. 70(2):176-81; discussion 181, 2008
Lee ST et al: Identification of an Arg35X mutation in the PDCD10 gene in a patient with cerebral and multiple spinal cavernous malformations. J Neurol Sci. 267(1-2):177-81, 2008
Kharkar S et al: The natural history of conservatively managed symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 60(5):865-72; discussion 865-72, 2007
Jallo GI et al: Clinical presentation and optimal management for intramedullary cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 21(1):e10, 2006
Musunuru K et al: Widespread central nervous system cavernous malformations associated with cafe-au-lait skin lesions. Case report. J Neurosurg. 99(2):412-5, 2003
Sandalcioglu IE et al: Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: clinical features and risk of hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 26(4):253-6, 2003
Chen DH et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation: novel mutation in a Chinese family and evidence for heterogeneity. J Neurol Sci. 196(1-2):91-6, 2002
Nagib MG et al: Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord in the pediatric age group: a pediatric series. Pediatr Neurosurg. 36(2):57-63, 2002
Balaban H et al: Multiple spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(2):120-2, 2001
Clatterbuck RE et al: The nature and fate of punctate (type IV) cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 49(1):26-30; discussion 30-2, 2001
Deutsch H et al: Pediatric intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations. Spine. 26(18):E427-31, 2001
Mottolese C et al: Central nervous system cavernomas in the pediatric age group. Neurosurg Rev. 24(2-3):55-71; discussion 72-3, 2001
Sure U et al: Endothelial proliferation, neoangiogenesis, and potential de novo generation of cerebrovascular malformations. J Neurosurg. 94(6):972-7, 2001
Zacharia TT et al: Co-existing spinal cord and brain cavernous angiomas. J Assoc Physicians India. 49:835-7, 2001
Deutsch H et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome. J Neurosurg. 93(1 Suppl):65-70, 2000
Chabert E et al: Intramedullary cavernous malformations. J Neuroradiol. 26(4):262-8, 1999
Maraire JN et al: De novo development of a cavernous malformation of the spinal cord following spinal axis radiation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 90(2 Suppl):234-8, 1999
Moriarity JL et al: The natural history of cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 10(3):411-7, 1999
Porter RW et al: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg. 90(1):50-8, 1999
Vishteh AG et al: Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 45(1):30-2; discussion 33, 1999
Zevgaridis D et al: Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 141(3):237-45, 1999
Duke BJ et al: Cavernous angiomas of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 50(5):442-5, 1998
Huffmann BC et al: Treatment strategies and results in spinal vascular malformations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 38 Suppl:231-7, 1998
Naim-Ur-Rahman et al: Intramedullary ossified cavernous angioma of the spinal cord: case report. Br J Neurosurg. 12(3):267-70, 1998
Padovani R et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal district: surgical treatment of 11 patients. Eur Spine J. 6(5):298-303, 1997
Harrison MJ et al: Symptomatic cavernous malformations affecting the spine and spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 37(2):195-204; discussion 204-5, 1995
Spetzger U et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord clinical presentation, surgical strategy, and postoperative results. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 134(3-4):200-6, 1995
Turjman F et al: MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas. Neuroradiology. 37(4):297-302, 1995
Canavero S et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernous angiomas: a literature meta-analysis. Surg Neurol. 41(5):381-8, 1994
Acciarri N et al: Surgical treatment of spinal cavernous angiomas. J Neurosurg Sci. 37(4):209-15, 1993
Acciarri N et al: Spinal cavernous angioma: a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 37(6):453-6, 1992
Bourgouin PM et al: Multiple occult vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord: MRI diagnosis. Neuroradiology. 34(2):110-1, 1992
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