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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cavernous malformation (CM)
Synonyms
- Cavernous angioma, cavernous hemangioma, cryptic vascular malformation
Definitions
- Vascular lesion with lobulated, thin sinusoidal vascular channels and no interspersed neural tissue
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Awad IA et al: Cavernous angiomas: deconstructing a neurosurgical disease. J Neurosurg. 131(1):1-13, 2019
- Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
- Otten M et al: Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 143:233-9, 2017
- Badhiwala JH et al: Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 21(4):662-76, 2014
- Pearl MS et al: Angiographic detection and characterization of "cryptic venous anomalies" associated with spinal cord cavernous malformations using flat-panel catheter angiotomography. Neurosurgery. 71(1 Suppl Operative):125-32, 2012
- Tong X et al: Clinical presentation and surgical outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg Spine. 16(3):308-14, 2012
- Consiglieri GD et al: Utility of the CO(2) laser in the microsurgical resection of cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 79(5-6):714-8, 2013
- Kivelev J et al: A proposed grading system of brain and spinal cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 69(4):807-13; discussion 813-4, 2011
- Maslehaty H et al: Symptomatic spinal cavernous malformations: indication for microsurgical treatment and outcome. Eur Spine J. 20(10):1765-70, 2011
- Mitha AP et al: Surgical approaches to intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 68(2 Suppl Operative):317-24; discussion 324, 2011
- Labauge P et al: Outcome in 53 patients with spinal cord cavernomas. Surg Neurol. 70(2):176-81; discussion 181, 2008
- Lee ST et al: Identification of an Arg35X mutation in the PDCD10 gene in a patient with cerebral and multiple spinal cavernous malformations. J Neurol Sci. 267(1-2):177-81, 2008
- Kharkar S et al: The natural history of conservatively managed symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 60(5):865-72; discussion 865-72, 2007
- Jallo GI et al: Clinical presentation and optimal management for intramedullary cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 21(1):e10, 2006
- Musunuru K et al: Widespread central nervous system cavernous malformations associated with cafe-au-lait skin lesions. Case report. J Neurosurg. 99(2):412-5, 2003
- Sandalcioglu IE et al: Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: clinical features and risk of hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 26(4):253-6, 2003
- Chen DH et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation: novel mutation in a Chinese family and evidence for heterogeneity. J Neurol Sci. 196(1-2):91-6, 2002
- Nagib MG et al: Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord in the pediatric age group: a pediatric series. Pediatr Neurosurg. 36(2):57-63, 2002
- Balaban H et al: Multiple spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(2):120-2, 2001
- Clatterbuck RE et al: The nature and fate of punctate (type IV) cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 49(1):26-30; discussion 30-2, 2001
- Deutsch H et al: Pediatric intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations. Spine. 26(18):E427-31, 2001
- Mottolese C et al: Central nervous system cavernomas in the pediatric age group. Neurosurg Rev. 24(2-3):55-71; discussion 72-3, 2001
- Sure U et al: Endothelial proliferation, neoangiogenesis, and potential de novo generation of cerebrovascular malformations. J Neurosurg. 94(6):972-7, 2001
- Zacharia TT et al: Co-existing spinal cord and brain cavernous angiomas. J Assoc Physicians India. 49:835-7, 2001
- Deutsch H et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome. J Neurosurg. 93(1 Suppl):65-70, 2000
- Chabert E et al: Intramedullary cavernous malformations. J Neuroradiol. 26(4):262-8, 1999
- Maraire JN et al: De novo development of a cavernous malformation of the spinal cord following spinal axis radiation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 90(2 Suppl):234-8, 1999
- Moriarity JL et al: The natural history of cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 10(3):411-7, 1999
- Porter RW et al: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg. 90(1):50-8, 1999
- Vishteh AG et al: Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 45(1):30-2; discussion 33, 1999
- Zevgaridis D et al: Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 141(3):237-45, 1999
- Duke BJ et al: Cavernous angiomas of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 50(5):442-5, 1998
- Huffmann BC et al: Treatment strategies and results in spinal vascular malformations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 38 Suppl:231-7, 1998
- Naim-Ur-Rahman et al: Intramedullary ossified cavernous angioma of the spinal cord: case report. Br J Neurosurg. 12(3):267-70, 1998
- Padovani R et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal district: surgical treatment of 11 patients. Eur Spine J. 6(5):298-303, 1997
- Harrison MJ et al: Symptomatic cavernous malformations affecting the spine and spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 37(2):195-204; discussion 204-5, 1995
- Spetzger U et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord clinical presentation, surgical strategy, and postoperative results. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 134(3-4):200-6, 1995
- Turjman F et al: MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas. Neuroradiology. 37(4):297-302, 1995
- Canavero S et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernous angiomas: a literature meta-analysis. Surg Neurol. 41(5):381-8, 1994
- Acciarri N et al: Surgical treatment of spinal cavernous angiomas. J Neurosurg Sci. 37(4):209-15, 1993
- Acciarri N et al: Spinal cavernous angioma: a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 37(6):453-6, 1992
- Bourgouin PM et al: Multiple occult vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord: MRI diagnosis. Neuroradiology. 34(2):110-1, 1992
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cavernous malformation (CM)
Synonyms
- Cavernous angioma, cavernous hemangioma, cryptic vascular malformation
Definitions
- Vascular lesion with lobulated, thin sinusoidal vascular channels and no interspersed neural tissue
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Awad IA et al: Cavernous angiomas: deconstructing a neurosurgical disease. J Neurosurg. 131(1):1-13, 2019
- Zafar A et al: Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 50(5):1294-301, 2019
- Otten M et al: Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 143:233-9, 2017
- Badhiwala JH et al: Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 21(4):662-76, 2014
- Pearl MS et al: Angiographic detection and characterization of "cryptic venous anomalies" associated with spinal cord cavernous malformations using flat-panel catheter angiotomography. Neurosurgery. 71(1 Suppl Operative):125-32, 2012
- Tong X et al: Clinical presentation and surgical outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg Spine. 16(3):308-14, 2012
- Consiglieri GD et al: Utility of the CO(2) laser in the microsurgical resection of cavernous malformations. World Neurosurg. 79(5-6):714-8, 2013
- Kivelev J et al: A proposed grading system of brain and spinal cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 69(4):807-13; discussion 813-4, 2011
- Maslehaty H et al: Symptomatic spinal cavernous malformations: indication for microsurgical treatment and outcome. Eur Spine J. 20(10):1765-70, 2011
- Mitha AP et al: Surgical approaches to intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 68(2 Suppl Operative):317-24; discussion 324, 2011
- Labauge P et al: Outcome in 53 patients with spinal cord cavernomas. Surg Neurol. 70(2):176-81; discussion 181, 2008
- Lee ST et al: Identification of an Arg35X mutation in the PDCD10 gene in a patient with cerebral and multiple spinal cavernous malformations. J Neurol Sci. 267(1-2):177-81, 2008
- Kharkar S et al: The natural history of conservatively managed symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernomas. Neurosurgery. 60(5):865-72; discussion 865-72, 2007
- Jallo GI et al: Clinical presentation and optimal management for intramedullary cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 21(1):e10, 2006
- Musunuru K et al: Widespread central nervous system cavernous malformations associated with cafe-au-lait skin lesions. Case report. J Neurosurg. 99(2):412-5, 2003
- Sandalcioglu IE et al: Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: clinical features and risk of hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 26(4):253-6, 2003
- Chen DH et al: Cerebral cavernous malformation: novel mutation in a Chinese family and evidence for heterogeneity. J Neurol Sci. 196(1-2):91-6, 2002
- Nagib MG et al: Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord in the pediatric age group: a pediatric series. Pediatr Neurosurg. 36(2):57-63, 2002
- Balaban H et al: Multiple spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(2):120-2, 2001
- Clatterbuck RE et al: The nature and fate of punctate (type IV) cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 49(1):26-30; discussion 30-2, 2001
- Deutsch H et al: Pediatric intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations. Spine. 26(18):E427-31, 2001
- Mottolese C et al: Central nervous system cavernomas in the pediatric age group. Neurosurg Rev. 24(2-3):55-71; discussion 72-3, 2001
- Sure U et al: Endothelial proliferation, neoangiogenesis, and potential de novo generation of cerebrovascular malformations. J Neurosurg. 94(6):972-7, 2001
- Zacharia TT et al: Co-existing spinal cord and brain cavernous angiomas. J Assoc Physicians India. 49:835-7, 2001
- Deutsch H et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome. J Neurosurg. 93(1 Suppl):65-70, 2000
- Chabert E et al: Intramedullary cavernous malformations. J Neuroradiol. 26(4):262-8, 1999
- Maraire JN et al: De novo development of a cavernous malformation of the spinal cord following spinal axis radiation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 90(2 Suppl):234-8, 1999
- Moriarity JL et al: The natural history of cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 10(3):411-7, 1999
- Porter RW et al: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg. 90(1):50-8, 1999
- Vishteh AG et al: Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 45(1):30-2; discussion 33, 1999
- Zevgaridis D et al: Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 141(3):237-45, 1999
- Duke BJ et al: Cavernous angiomas of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 50(5):442-5, 1998
- Huffmann BC et al: Treatment strategies and results in spinal vascular malformations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 38 Suppl:231-7, 1998
- Naim-Ur-Rahman et al: Intramedullary ossified cavernous angioma of the spinal cord: case report. Br J Neurosurg. 12(3):267-70, 1998
- Padovani R et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal district: surgical treatment of 11 patients. Eur Spine J. 6(5):298-303, 1997
- Harrison MJ et al: Symptomatic cavernous malformations affecting the spine and spinal cord. Neurosurgery. 37(2):195-204; discussion 204-5, 1995
- Spetzger U et al: Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord clinical presentation, surgical strategy, and postoperative results. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 134(3-4):200-6, 1995
- Turjman F et al: MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas. Neuroradiology. 37(4):297-302, 1995
- Canavero S et al: Spinal intramedullary cavernous angiomas: a literature meta-analysis. Surg Neurol. 41(5):381-8, 1994
- Acciarri N et al: Surgical treatment of spinal cavernous angiomas. J Neurosurg Sci. 37(4):209-15, 1993
- Acciarri N et al: Spinal cavernous angioma: a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 37(6):453-6, 1992
- Bourgouin PM et al: Multiple occult vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord: MRI diagnosis. Neuroradiology. 34(2):110-1, 1992
