Injury from cervical hyperflexion with compression or hyperflexion with distraction/shearing
IMAGING
General Features
Fluoroscopic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Alawadhi A et al: Lateral medullary syndrome due to left vertebral artery occlusion in a boy postflexion neck injury. Child Neurol Open. 6:2329048X19867800, 2019
Davidson C et al: Traumatic cervical spine injury during sexual activity. J Surg Case Rep. 2019(6):rjz202, 2019
Gunda D et al: Pediatric central nervous system imaging of nonaccidental trauma: beyond subdural hematomas. Radiographics. 39(1):213-28, 2019
Yue JJ et al: Teardrop fracture following head-first impact in an ice hockey player: case report and analysis of injury mechanisms. Int J Spine Surg. 10:9, 2016
Aarabi B et al: Management of acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS). Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:195-204, 2013
Berry C et al: Compressive flexion and vertical compression injuries of the subaxial cervical spine. Semin Spine Surg. 25(1): 36-44, 2013
Gelb DE et al: Initial closed reduction of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation injuries. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:73-83, 2013
Hadley MN et al: Introduction to the guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:5-16, 2013
Ivancic PC: Neck injury response to direct head impact. Accid Anal Prev. 50:323-9, 2013
Walters BC et al: Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update. Neurosurgery. 60 Suppl 1:82-91, 2013
Ivancic PC: Head-first impact with head protrusion causes noncontiguous injuries of the cadaveric cervical spine. Clin J Sport Med. 22(5):390-6, 2012
Dusseldorp JR et al: Unrecognized ligamentous instability due to high-energy, low-velocity mechanism of injury. J Clin Neurosci. 17(1):139-41, 2010
Hoit DA et al: Angiographic detection of carotid and vertebral arterial injury in the high-energy blunt trauma patient. J Spinal Disord Tech. 21(4):259-66, 2008
Lekovic GP et al: Litigation of missed cervical spine injuries in patients presenting with blunt traumatic injury. Neurosurgery. 60(3):516-22; discussion 522-3, 2007
Miyanji F et al: Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology. 243(3):820-7, 2007
Bono CM et al: Measurement techniques for lower cervical spine injuries: consensus statement of the Spine Trauma Study Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(5):603-9, 2006
Laporte C et al: Severe hyperflexion sprains of the lower cervical spine in adults. Clin Orthop. (363):126-34, 1999
Murakami H et al: Central cord syndrome secondary to hyperflexion injury of the cervical spine in a child. J Spinal Disord. 8(6):494-8, 1995
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
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TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Injury from cervical hyperflexion with compression or hyperflexion with distraction/shearing
IMAGING
General Features
Fluoroscopic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Alawadhi A et al: Lateral medullary syndrome due to left vertebral artery occlusion in a boy postflexion neck injury. Child Neurol Open. 6:2329048X19867800, 2019
Davidson C et al: Traumatic cervical spine injury during sexual activity. J Surg Case Rep. 2019(6):rjz202, 2019
Gunda D et al: Pediatric central nervous system imaging of nonaccidental trauma: beyond subdural hematomas. Radiographics. 39(1):213-28, 2019
Yue JJ et al: Teardrop fracture following head-first impact in an ice hockey player: case report and analysis of injury mechanisms. Int J Spine Surg. 10:9, 2016
Aarabi B et al: Management of acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS). Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:195-204, 2013
Berry C et al: Compressive flexion and vertical compression injuries of the subaxial cervical spine. Semin Spine Surg. 25(1): 36-44, 2013
Gelb DE et al: Initial closed reduction of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation injuries. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:73-83, 2013
Hadley MN et al: Introduction to the guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:5-16, 2013
Ivancic PC: Neck injury response to direct head impact. Accid Anal Prev. 50:323-9, 2013
Walters BC et al: Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update. Neurosurgery. 60 Suppl 1:82-91, 2013
Ivancic PC: Head-first impact with head protrusion causes noncontiguous injuries of the cadaveric cervical spine. Clin J Sport Med. 22(5):390-6, 2012
Dusseldorp JR et al: Unrecognized ligamentous instability due to high-energy, low-velocity mechanism of injury. J Clin Neurosci. 17(1):139-41, 2010
Hoit DA et al: Angiographic detection of carotid and vertebral arterial injury in the high-energy blunt trauma patient. J Spinal Disord Tech. 21(4):259-66, 2008
Lekovic GP et al: Litigation of missed cervical spine injuries in patients presenting with blunt traumatic injury. Neurosurgery. 60(3):516-22; discussion 522-3, 2007
Miyanji F et al: Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology. 243(3):820-7, 2007
Bono CM et al: Measurement techniques for lower cervical spine injuries: consensus statement of the Spine Trauma Study Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(5):603-9, 2006
Laporte C et al: Severe hyperflexion sprains of the lower cervical spine in adults. Clin Orthop. (363):126-34, 1999
Murakami H et al: Central cord syndrome secondary to hyperflexion injury of the cervical spine in a child. J Spinal Disord. 8(6):494-8, 1995
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