Localized (< 50% of disc circumference) displacement of disc material beyond edges of vertebral ring apophyses
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Mazas S et al: Cervical disc herniation: which surgery? Int Orthop. 43(4):761-6, 2019
Joaquim AF et al: Cervical spine surgery in professional athletes: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 40(4):E10, 2016
Tetreault L et al: Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a spectrum of related disorders affecting the aging spine. Neurosurgery. 77 Suppl 4:S51-67, 2015
Boselie TF et al: Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease: a Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38(17):E1096-107, 2013
Lawrence BD et al: Surgical management of degenerative cervical myelopathy: a consensus statement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38(22 Suppl 1):S171-2, 2013
Boselie TF et al: Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:CD009173, 2012
Gebremariam L et al: Evaluation of treatment effectiveness for the herniated cervical disk: a systematic review". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(2):E109-18, 2012
Jacobs W et al: Single or double-level anterior interbody fusion techniques for cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (1):CD004958, 2011
Riew KD et al: Cervical disc arthroplasty compared with arthrodesis for the treatment of myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90(11):2354-64, 2008
Abbed KM et al: Cervical radiculopathy: pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical evaluation. Neurosurgery. 60(1 Supp1 1):S28-34, 2007
Lee SH et al: Anterior minimally invasive approaches for the cervical spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 38(3):327-37; abstract v, 2007
Nabhan A et al: The ProDisc-C prosthesis: clinical and radiological experience 1 year after surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(18):1935-41, 2007
Fardon DF et al: Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Recommendations of the Combined Task Forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(5):E93-113, 2001
Furusawa N et al: Herniation of cervical intervertebral disc: immunohistochemical examination and measurement of nitric oxide production. Spine. 26(10): 1110-6, 2001
Campi A et al: Comparison of MRI pulse sequences for investigation of lesions of the cervical spinal cord. Neuroradiology. 42(9): 669-75, 2000
Grob D: Surgery in the degenerative cervical spine. Spine. 23(24): 2674-83, 1998
Ahlgren BD et al: Cervical radiculopathy. Orthop Clin North Am. 27(2): 253-63, 1996
Jensen MC et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 331(2): 69-73, 1994
Radhakrishnan K et al: Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 117 ( Pt 2): 325-35, 1994
Sze G et al: Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(5): 1203-13, 1993
Jahnke RW et al: Cervical stenosis, spondylosis, and herniated disc disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 29(4): 777-91, 1991
Boden SD et al: Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 72(8): 1178-84, 1990
Modic MT et al: Imaging of degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop. (239): 109-20, 1989
Brown BM et al: Preoperative evaluation of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy by surface-coil MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 151(6): 1205-12, 1988
Simon JE et al: Diskogenic disease of the cervical spine. Semin Roentgenol. 23(2): 118-24, 1988
Localized (< 50% of disc circumference) displacement of disc material beyond edges of vertebral ring apophyses
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Mazas S et al: Cervical disc herniation: which surgery? Int Orthop. 43(4):761-6, 2019
Joaquim AF et al: Cervical spine surgery in professional athletes: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 40(4):E10, 2016
Tetreault L et al: Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a spectrum of related disorders affecting the aging spine. Neurosurgery. 77 Suppl 4:S51-67, 2015
Boselie TF et al: Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease: a Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38(17):E1096-107, 2013
Lawrence BD et al: Surgical management of degenerative cervical myelopathy: a consensus statement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38(22 Suppl 1):S171-2, 2013
Boselie TF et al: Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:CD009173, 2012
Gebremariam L et al: Evaluation of treatment effectiveness for the herniated cervical disk: a systematic review". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 37(2):E109-18, 2012
Jacobs W et al: Single or double-level anterior interbody fusion techniques for cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (1):CD004958, 2011
Riew KD et al: Cervical disc arthroplasty compared with arthrodesis for the treatment of myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90(11):2354-64, 2008
Abbed KM et al: Cervical radiculopathy: pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical evaluation. Neurosurgery. 60(1 Supp1 1):S28-34, 2007
Lee SH et al: Anterior minimally invasive approaches for the cervical spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 38(3):327-37; abstract v, 2007
Nabhan A et al: The ProDisc-C prosthesis: clinical and radiological experience 1 year after surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(18):1935-41, 2007
Fardon DF et al: Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Recommendations of the Combined Task Forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(5):E93-113, 2001
Furusawa N et al: Herniation of cervical intervertebral disc: immunohistochemical examination and measurement of nitric oxide production. Spine. 26(10): 1110-6, 2001
Campi A et al: Comparison of MRI pulse sequences for investigation of lesions of the cervical spinal cord. Neuroradiology. 42(9): 669-75, 2000
Grob D: Surgery in the degenerative cervical spine. Spine. 23(24): 2674-83, 1998
Ahlgren BD et al: Cervical radiculopathy. Orthop Clin North Am. 27(2): 253-63, 1996
Jensen MC et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 331(2): 69-73, 1994
Radhakrishnan K et al: Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 117 ( Pt 2): 325-35, 1994
Sze G et al: Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the cervical spine: influence of echo train length and echo spacing on image contrast and quality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(5): 1203-13, 1993
Jahnke RW et al: Cervical stenosis, spondylosis, and herniated disc disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 29(4): 777-91, 1991
Boden SD et al: Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 72(8): 1178-84, 1990
Modic MT et al: Imaging of degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop. (239): 109-20, 1989
Brown BM et al: Preoperative evaluation of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy by surface-coil MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 151(6): 1205-12, 1988
Simon JE et al: Diskogenic disease of the cervical spine. Semin Roentgenol. 23(2): 118-24, 1988