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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Posterior spinal column defined as structures dorsal to posterior longitudinal ligament
- Superior and inferior articular facets, articular pillars, lamina and spinous processes
- Facet joint capsules
- Ligamentum flavum
- Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
- Posterior spinal column defined as structures dorsal to posterior longitudinal ligament
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Yang JS et al: Can posterior ligament structure be functionally healed after anterior reduction and fusion surgery in patients with traumatic subaxial cervical fracture-dislocations? World Neurosurg. 134:e243-8, 2020
- Okada E et al: Spinal fractures in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: clinical characteristics by fracture level. J Orthop Sci. 24(3):393-9, 2019
- Yokota K et al: Progression of local kyphosis after conservative treatment for compressive cervical spine fracture with spinal cord injury. J Orthop Surg Res. 14(1):98, 2019
- Dhillon CS et al: Outcomes of unstable subaxial cervical spine fractures managed by posteroanterior stabilization and fusion. Asian Spine J. 12(3):416-22, 2018
- Aarabi B et al: Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:170-86, 2013
- Bono CM et al: Reproducibility of radiographic measurements for subaxial cervical spine trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 36(17):1374-9, 2011
- Dvorak MF et al: The surgical approach to subaxial cervical spine injuries: an evidence-based algorithm based on the SLIC classification system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(23):2620-9, 2007
- Rabb CH et al: Unilateral cervical facet fractures with subluxation: injury patterns and treatment. J Spinal Disord Tech. 20(6):416-22, 2007
- Vaccaro AR et al: The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system: a novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(21):2365-74, 2007
- Moore TA et al: Classification of lower cervical spine injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(11 Suppl):S37-43; discussion S61, 2006
- Rao SK et al: Spectrum of imaging findings in hyperextension injuries of the neck. Radiographics. 25(5):1239-54, 2005
- Matar LD et al: "Spinolaminar breach": an important sign in cervical spinous process fractures. Skeletal Radiol. 29(2):75-80, 2000
- Zhu Q et al: Traumatic instabilities of the cervical spine caused by high-speed axial compression in a human model. An in vitro biomechanical study. Spine. 24(5):440-4, 1999
- Shanmuganathan K et al: Traumatic isolation of the cervical articular pillar: imaging observations in 21 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(4):897-902, 1996
- Plezbert JA et al: Fracture of a lamina in the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 17(8):552-7, 1994
- Shanmuganathan K et al: Rotational injury of cervical facets: CT analysis of fracture patterns with implications for management and neurologic outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(5):1165-9, 1994
- Goldberg AL et al: Hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine. Magnetic resonance findings. Skeletal Radiol. 18(4):283-8, 1989
- Allen BL Jr et al: A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 7(1):1-27, 1982
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Posterior spinal column defined as structures dorsal to posterior longitudinal ligament
- Superior and inferior articular facets, articular pillars, lamina and spinous processes
- Facet joint capsules
- Ligamentum flavum
- Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
- Posterior spinal column defined as structures dorsal to posterior longitudinal ligament
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Yang JS et al: Can posterior ligament structure be functionally healed after anterior reduction and fusion surgery in patients with traumatic subaxial cervical fracture-dislocations? World Neurosurg. 134:e243-8, 2020
- Okada E et al: Spinal fractures in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: clinical characteristics by fracture level. J Orthop Sci. 24(3):393-9, 2019
- Yokota K et al: Progression of local kyphosis after conservative treatment for compressive cervical spine fracture with spinal cord injury. J Orthop Surg Res. 14(1):98, 2019
- Dhillon CS et al: Outcomes of unstable subaxial cervical spine fractures managed by posteroanterior stabilization and fusion. Asian Spine J. 12(3):416-22, 2018
- Aarabi B et al: Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:170-86, 2013
- Bono CM et al: Reproducibility of radiographic measurements for subaxial cervical spine trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 36(17):1374-9, 2011
- Dvorak MF et al: The surgical approach to subaxial cervical spine injuries: an evidence-based algorithm based on the SLIC classification system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(23):2620-9, 2007
- Rabb CH et al: Unilateral cervical facet fractures with subluxation: injury patterns and treatment. J Spinal Disord Tech. 20(6):416-22, 2007
- Vaccaro AR et al: The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system: a novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(21):2365-74, 2007
- Moore TA et al: Classification of lower cervical spine injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(11 Suppl):S37-43; discussion S61, 2006
- Rao SK et al: Spectrum of imaging findings in hyperextension injuries of the neck. Radiographics. 25(5):1239-54, 2005
- Matar LD et al: "Spinolaminar breach": an important sign in cervical spinous process fractures. Skeletal Radiol. 29(2):75-80, 2000
- Zhu Q et al: Traumatic instabilities of the cervical spine caused by high-speed axial compression in a human model. An in vitro biomechanical study. Spine. 24(5):440-4, 1999
- Shanmuganathan K et al: Traumatic isolation of the cervical articular pillar: imaging observations in 21 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(4):897-902, 1996
- Plezbert JA et al: Fracture of a lamina in the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 17(8):552-7, 1994
- Shanmuganathan K et al: Rotational injury of cervical facets: CT analysis of fracture patterns with implications for management and neurologic outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(5):1165-9, 1994
- Goldberg AL et al: Hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine. Magnetic resonance findings. Skeletal Radiol. 18(4):283-8, 1989
- Allen BL Jr et al: A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 7(1):1-27, 1982
