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Spine
Diagnosis
Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides
Degenerative Diseases
Cervical Spondylosis
Cervical Spondylosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Pathology

          • Clinical Issues

            TERMINOLOGY

            • Abbreviations

              • Acquired spinal stenosis, cervical (ASSC)

            • Synonyms

              • Cervical spondylosis, cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), degenerative cervical myelopathy

            • Definitions

              • Spinal canal and neural foraminal narrowing in cervical spine secondary to multifactorial degenerative changes

            IMAGING

            • General Features

              • Radiographic Findings

                • CT Findings

                  • MR Findings

                    • Nonvascular Interventions

                      • Imaging Recommendations

                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                          PATHOLOGY

                          • General Features

                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                              • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                • Microscopic Features

                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                  • Presentation

                                    • Demographics

                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                        • Treatment

                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                          • Consider

                                            • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                              Selected References

                                              1. Nouri A et al: Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a brief review of past perspectives, present developments, and future directions. J Clin Med. 9(2), 2020
                                              2. Karadimas SK et al: Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38(22 Suppl 1):S21-36, 2013
                                              3. Toledano M et al: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurol Clin. 31(1):287-305, 2013
                                              4. Fehlings MG et al: Perioperative and delayed complications associated with the surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy based on 302 patients from the AOSpine North America Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Study. J Neurosurg Spine. 16(5):425-32, 2012
                                              5. Harrop JS et al: Cervical myelopathy: a clinical and radiographic evaluation and correlation to cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 35(6):620-4, 2010
                                              6. Baron EM et al: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a brief review of its pathophysiology, clinical course, and diagnosis. Neurosurgery. 60(1 Supp1 1):S35-41, 2007
                                              7. Medow JE et al: Surgical management of cervical myelopathy: indications and techniques for surgical corpectomy. Spine J. 6(6 Suppl):233S-41S, 2006
                                              8. Rao RD et al: Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 88(7):1619-40, 2006
                                              9. Edwards CC 2nd et al: Corpectomy versus laminoplasty for multilevel cervical myelopathy: an independent matched-cohort analysis. Spine. 27(11): 1168-75, 2002
                                              10. Epstein N: Posterior approaches in the management of cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Surg Neurol. 58(3-4): 194-207; discussion 207-8, 2002
                                              11. Geck MJ et al: Surgical options for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Orthop Clin North Am. 33(2): 329-48, 2002
                                              12. Handa Y et al: Evaluation of prognostic factors and clinical outcome in elderly patients in whom expansive laminoplasty is performed for cervical myelopathy due to multisegmental spondylotic canal stenosis. A retrospective comparison with younger patients. J Neurosurg. 96(2 Suppl): 173-9, 2002
                                              13. Mayr MT et al: Cervical spinal stenosis: outcome after anterior corpectomy, allograft reconstruction, and instrumentation. J Neurosurg. 96(1 Suppl): 10-6, 2002
                                              14. Tani S et al: Laminoplasty with preservation of posterior cervical elements: surgical technique. Neurosurgery. 50(1): 97-101; discussion 101-2, 2002
                                              15. Emery SE: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 9(6): 376-88, 2001
                                              16. Fouyas IP et al: Surgery for cervical radiculomyelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3): CD001466, 2001
                                              17. Satomi K et al: Short-term complications and long-term results of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy. Spine J. 1(1): 26-30, 2001
                                              18. Yue WM et al: The Torg--Pavlov ratio in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a comparative study between patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and a nonspondylotic, nonmyelopathic population. Spine. 26(16): 1760-4, 2001
                                              19. Kawakami M et al: A comparative study of surgical approaches for cervical compressive myelopathy. Clin Orthop. (381): 129-36, 2000
                                              20. Alfieri KM et al: MR imaging of spinal stenosis. Applied Radiology. August:18-26, 1997
                                              21. Amundsen T et al: Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical and radiologic features. Spine. 20(10):1178-86, 1995
                                              22. Modic MT et al: Imaging of degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (239):109-20, 1989
                                              Related Anatomy
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                                              Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                              References
                                              Tables

                                              Tables

                                              KEY FACTS

                                              • Terminology

                                                • Imaging

                                                  • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                    • Pathology

                                                      • Clinical Issues

                                                        TERMINOLOGY

                                                        • Abbreviations

                                                          • Acquired spinal stenosis, cervical (ASSC)

                                                        • Synonyms

                                                          • Cervical spondylosis, cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), degenerative cervical myelopathy

                                                        • Definitions

                                                          • Spinal canal and neural foraminal narrowing in cervical spine secondary to multifactorial degenerative changes

                                                        IMAGING

                                                        • General Features

                                                          • Radiographic Findings

                                                            • CT Findings

                                                              • MR Findings

                                                                • Nonvascular Interventions

                                                                  • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                      PATHOLOGY

                                                                      • General Features

                                                                        • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                          • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                            • Microscopic Features

                                                                              CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                              • Presentation

                                                                                • Demographics

                                                                                  • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                    • Treatment

                                                                                      DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                      • Consider

                                                                                        • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                                          Selected References

                                                                                          1. Nouri A et al: Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a brief review of past perspectives, present developments, and future directions. J Clin Med. 9(2), 2020
                                                                                          2. Karadimas SK et al: Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38(22 Suppl 1):S21-36, 2013
                                                                                          3. Toledano M et al: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurol Clin. 31(1):287-305, 2013
                                                                                          4. Fehlings MG et al: Perioperative and delayed complications associated with the surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy based on 302 patients from the AOSpine North America Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Study. J Neurosurg Spine. 16(5):425-32, 2012
                                                                                          5. Harrop JS et al: Cervical myelopathy: a clinical and radiographic evaluation and correlation to cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 35(6):620-4, 2010
                                                                                          6. Baron EM et al: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a brief review of its pathophysiology, clinical course, and diagnosis. Neurosurgery. 60(1 Supp1 1):S35-41, 2007
                                                                                          7. Medow JE et al: Surgical management of cervical myelopathy: indications and techniques for surgical corpectomy. Spine J. 6(6 Suppl):233S-41S, 2006
                                                                                          8. Rao RD et al: Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 88(7):1619-40, 2006
                                                                                          9. Edwards CC 2nd et al: Corpectomy versus laminoplasty for multilevel cervical myelopathy: an independent matched-cohort analysis. Spine. 27(11): 1168-75, 2002
                                                                                          10. Epstein N: Posterior approaches in the management of cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Surg Neurol. 58(3-4): 194-207; discussion 207-8, 2002
                                                                                          11. Geck MJ et al: Surgical options for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Orthop Clin North Am. 33(2): 329-48, 2002
                                                                                          12. Handa Y et al: Evaluation of prognostic factors and clinical outcome in elderly patients in whom expansive laminoplasty is performed for cervical myelopathy due to multisegmental spondylotic canal stenosis. A retrospective comparison with younger patients. J Neurosurg. 96(2 Suppl): 173-9, 2002
                                                                                          13. Mayr MT et al: Cervical spinal stenosis: outcome after anterior corpectomy, allograft reconstruction, and instrumentation. J Neurosurg. 96(1 Suppl): 10-6, 2002
                                                                                          14. Tani S et al: Laminoplasty with preservation of posterior cervical elements: surgical technique. Neurosurgery. 50(1): 97-101; discussion 101-2, 2002
                                                                                          15. Emery SE: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 9(6): 376-88, 2001
                                                                                          16. Fouyas IP et al: Surgery for cervical radiculomyelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3): CD001466, 2001
                                                                                          17. Satomi K et al: Short-term complications and long-term results of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy. Spine J. 1(1): 26-30, 2001
                                                                                          18. Yue WM et al: The Torg--Pavlov ratio in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a comparative study between patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and a nonspondylotic, nonmyelopathic population. Spine. 26(16): 1760-4, 2001
                                                                                          19. Kawakami M et al: A comparative study of surgical approaches for cervical compressive myelopathy. Clin Orthop. (381): 129-36, 2000
                                                                                          20. Alfieri KM et al: MR imaging of spinal stenosis. Applied Radiology. August:18-26, 1997
                                                                                          21. Amundsen T et al: Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical and radiologic features. Spine. 20(10):1178-86, 1995
                                                                                          22. Modic MT et al: Imaging of degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (239):109-20, 1989