Ferraioli G et al: Liver Ultrasound elastography: an update to the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines and recommendations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 44(12):2419-2440, 2018
Berzigotti A: Non-invasive evaluation of portal hypertension using ultrasound elastography. J Hepatol. 67(2):399-411, 2017
Dietrich CF et al: EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of liver ultrasound elastography, update 2017 (long version). Ultraschall Med. 38(4):e16-e47, 2017
Garcia-Tsao G et al: Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 65(1):310-335, 2017
Kim G et al: Diagnostic accuracy of hepatic vein arrival time performed with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Liver. 11(1):93-101, 2017
de Franchis R et al: Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 63(3):743-52, 2015
European Association for Study of Liver et al: EASL-ALEH clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol. 63(1):237-64, 2015
Eisenbrey JR et al: Chronic liver disease: noninvasive subharmonic aided pressure estimation of hepatic venous pressure gradient. Radiology. 268(2):581-8, 2013
Berzigotti A et al: Ultrasound in portal hypertension--part 2--and EFSUMB recommendations for the performance and reporting of ultrasound examinations in portal hypertension. Ultraschall Med. 33(1):8-32; quiz 30-1, 2012
Kim MY et al: Hepatic vein arrival time as assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is useful for the assessment of portal hypertension in compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 56(3):1053-62, 2012
Berzigotti A et al: Evaluation of regional hepatic perfusion (RHP) by contrast-enhanced ultrasound in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 55(2):307-14, 2011
Berzigotti A et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver surface and transient elastography in clinically doubtful cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 52(6):846-53, 2010
Ishibashi H et al: Assessment of hepatic fibrosis by analysis of the dynamic behaviour of microbubbles during contrast ultrasonography. Liver Int. 30(9):1355-63, 2010
Piscaglia F et al: Criteria for diagnosing benign portal vein thrombosis in the assessment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 16(5):658-67, 2010
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Clinical Implications
Imaging
Clinical Implications
Diffuse Liver Disease
CEUS Indications
Diffuse Liver Disease
IMAGING
Evaluation of Portal Vein Thrombosis
Evaluation of Transhepatic Portosystemic Shunt
Staging of Liver Fibrosis
Diagnosis and Staging of Portal Hypertension
Technical Pitfalls and Challenges
Selected References
Ferraioli G et al: Liver Ultrasound elastography: an update to the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines and recommendations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 44(12):2419-2440, 2018
Berzigotti A: Non-invasive evaluation of portal hypertension using ultrasound elastography. J Hepatol. 67(2):399-411, 2017
Dietrich CF et al: EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of liver ultrasound elastography, update 2017 (long version). Ultraschall Med. 38(4):e16-e47, 2017
Garcia-Tsao G et al: Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 65(1):310-335, 2017
Kim G et al: Diagnostic accuracy of hepatic vein arrival time performed with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Liver. 11(1):93-101, 2017
de Franchis R et al: Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 63(3):743-52, 2015
European Association for Study of Liver et al: EASL-ALEH clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol. 63(1):237-64, 2015
Eisenbrey JR et al: Chronic liver disease: noninvasive subharmonic aided pressure estimation of hepatic venous pressure gradient. Radiology. 268(2):581-8, 2013
Berzigotti A et al: Ultrasound in portal hypertension--part 2--and EFSUMB recommendations for the performance and reporting of ultrasound examinations in portal hypertension. Ultraschall Med. 33(1):8-32; quiz 30-1, 2012
Kim MY et al: Hepatic vein arrival time as assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is useful for the assessment of portal hypertension in compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 56(3):1053-62, 2012
Berzigotti A et al: Evaluation of regional hepatic perfusion (RHP) by contrast-enhanced ultrasound in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 55(2):307-14, 2011
Berzigotti A et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver surface and transient elastography in clinically doubtful cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 52(6):846-53, 2010
Ishibashi H et al: Assessment of hepatic fibrosis by analysis of the dynamic behaviour of microbubbles during contrast ultrasonography. Liver Int. 30(9):1355-63, 2010
Piscaglia F et al: Criteria for diagnosing benign portal vein thrombosis in the assessment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 16(5):658-67, 2010
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