Echinococcosis: Parasitic disease of tapeworms of Echinococcus genus
2 main types
Cystic echinococcosis, a.k.a. hydatid disease, is caused by infection with larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Alveolar echinococcosis is disease caused by infection with larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis
Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: Helminthic diseases caused by liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, and Opisthorchis viverrini, respectively, spreading thorough raw or undercooked fish, crabs, or crayfish
Liver flukes infect liver, gallbladder, and bile duct in humans
Fascioliasis: Parasitic infection typically caused by flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, spreading through raw watercress or other water plants contaminated with immature parasite larvae
Immature larval flukes migrate through intestinal wall, abdominal cavity, and liver tissue, into bile ducts
Paragonimiasis: Food-borne parasitic infection spreading through raw or undercooked freshwater crabs or crayfish infected with Paragonimus metacercariae
Ascariasis: Caused by infection with Ascaris lumbricoides adult worm, which might migrate from small bowel into bile duct, gallbladder, &/or liver parenchyma
Hepatic Tuberculosis
Hepatic tuberculosis (TB) is always associated with systematic dissemination of TB infection
Often unrecognized and missed because of its relatively nonspecific clinical presentations
IMAGING
US Findings
CEUS Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Dietrich CF et al: Never seen before? Opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis. Z Gastroenterol. 56(12):1513-1520, 2018
Dietrich CF et al: Ascariasis imaging: pictorial essay. Z Gastroenterol. 55(5):479-489, 2017
Dietrich CF et al: Fasciolosis. Z Gastroenterol. 53(4):285-90, 2015
Farrokh D et al: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Arch Iran Med. 18(3):199-202, 2015
Lu Q et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings of hepatic paragonimiasis. World J Gastroenterol. 19(13):2087-91, 2013
Brunetti E et al: Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 114(1):1-16, 2010
Brunetti E et al: Update on cystic hydatid disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 22(5):497-502, 2009
McManus DP et al: Echinococcosis. Lancet. 362(9392):1295-304, 2003
WHO Informal Working Group: International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop. 85(2):253-61, 2003
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
IMAGING
TERMINOLOGY
Parasitic Disease
Echinococcosis: Parasitic disease of tapeworms of Echinococcus genus
2 main types
Cystic echinococcosis, a.k.a. hydatid disease, is caused by infection with larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Alveolar echinococcosis is disease caused by infection with larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis
Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: Helminthic diseases caused by liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, and Opisthorchis viverrini, respectively, spreading thorough raw or undercooked fish, crabs, or crayfish
Liver flukes infect liver, gallbladder, and bile duct in humans
Fascioliasis: Parasitic infection typically caused by flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, spreading through raw watercress or other water plants contaminated with immature parasite larvae
Immature larval flukes migrate through intestinal wall, abdominal cavity, and liver tissue, into bile ducts
Paragonimiasis: Food-borne parasitic infection spreading through raw or undercooked freshwater crabs or crayfish infected with Paragonimus metacercariae
Ascariasis: Caused by infection with Ascaris lumbricoides adult worm, which might migrate from small bowel into bile duct, gallbladder, &/or liver parenchyma
Hepatic Tuberculosis
Hepatic tuberculosis (TB) is always associated with systematic dissemination of TB infection
Often unrecognized and missed because of its relatively nonspecific clinical presentations
IMAGING
US Findings
CEUS Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Dietrich CF et al: Never seen before? Opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis. Z Gastroenterol. 56(12):1513-1520, 2018
Dietrich CF et al: Ascariasis imaging: pictorial essay. Z Gastroenterol. 55(5):479-489, 2017
Dietrich CF et al: Fasciolosis. Z Gastroenterol. 53(4):285-90, 2015
Farrokh D et al: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Arch Iran Med. 18(3):199-202, 2015
Lu Q et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings of hepatic paragonimiasis. World J Gastroenterol. 19(13):2087-91, 2013
Brunetti E et al: Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 114(1):1-16, 2010
Brunetti E et al: Update on cystic hydatid disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 22(5):497-502, 2009
McManus DP et al: Echinococcosis. Lancet. 362(9392):1295-304, 2003
WHO Informal Working Group: International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop. 85(2):253-61, 2003
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