Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT): Most common type of liver transplant, which involves removal of pathological liver and replacement by donor liver (typically whole liver) in anatomical position
Auxiliary liver transplant: Partial donor liver is transplanted in addition to existing liver in order to provide temporary functional support in period of liver dysfunction
Split lobe transplant: Solitary lobe transplant (as opposed to whole liver); performed more frequently in pediatric liver transplantation
IMAGING ANATOMY
General Anatomic Considerations
Critical Anatomic Structures
ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
Imaging Approaches
Imaging Pitfalls
Posttransplant Complications
Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Hepatic Artery Stenosis
Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm
Arterial Steal Syndrome
Portal Vein Stenosis or Thrombosis
Inferior Vena Cava and Hepatic Veins
Nonvascular Complications
Selected References
Rafailidis V et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the abdominal vasculature. Abdom Radiol (NY). 43(4):934-947, 2018
Sidhu PS et al: The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in non-hepatic applications: update 2017 (short version). Ultraschall Med. 39(2):154-180, 2018
Yusuf GT et al: Endocavitary contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): a novel problem solving technique. Insights Imaging. 9(3):303-311, 2018
Huang DY et al: Contrast-enhanced US-guided interventions: improving success rate and avoiding complications using us contrast agents. Radiographics. 37(2):652-664, 2017
Ma L et al: Vascular complications after adult living donor liver transplantation: evaluation with ultrasonography. World J Gastroenterol. 22(4):1617-26, 2016
Ren X et al: Common ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation. Exp Ther Med. 12(2):1029-1033, 2016
Rübenthaler J et al: Vascular complications in liver transplantation: beneficial role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the postoperative phase. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 64(3):475-482, 2016
García-Criado A et al: Impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the study of hepatic artery hypoperfusion shortly after liver transplantation: contribution to the diagnosis of artery steal syndrome. Eur Radiol. 25(1):196-202, 2015
Claudon M et al: Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol. 39(2):187-210, 2013
Chopra SS et al: Contrast enhanced ultrasound cholangiography via T-tube following liver transplantation. Ann Transplant. 17(4):108-12, 2012
Sanyal R et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation: reversible Doppler US findings in the immediate postoperative period. Radiographics. 32(1):199-211, 2012
Singh AK et al: Postoperative imaging in liver transplantation: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 30(2):339-51, 2010
Luo Y et al: CEUS: a new imaging approach for postoperative vascular complications after right-lobe LDLT. World J Gastroenterol. 15(29):3670-5, 2009
Bonini G et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue in the evaluation of postoperative complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Ultrasound. 10(2):99-106, 2007
Caiado AH et al: Complications of liver transplantation: multimodality imaging approach. Radiographics. 27(5):1401-17, 2007
Berry JD et al: Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplantation. Eur Radiol. 14 Suppl 8:P96-103, 2004
Sidhu PS et al: Microbubble ultrasound contrast in the assessment of hepatic artery patency following liver transplantation: role in reducing frequency of hepatic artery arteriography. Eur Radiol. 14(1):21-30, 2004
Crossin JD et al: US of liver transplants: normal and abnormal. Radiographics. 23(5):1093-114, 2003
Marshall MM et al: Assessment of portal venous system patency in the liver transplant candidate: a prospective study comparing ultrasound, microbubble-enhanced colour Doppler ultrasound, with arteriography and surgery. Clin Radiol. 57(5):377-83, 2002
Sidhu PS et al: Hepatic artery stenosis following liver transplantation: significance of the tardus parvus waveform and the role of microbubble contrast media in the detection of a focal stenosis. Clin Radiol. 57(9):789-99, 2002
Marshall MM et al: Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation: incidence, presenting features and management. Clin Radiol. 56(7):579-87, 2001
Sidhu PS et al: Clinical use of Levovist, an ultrasound contrast agent, in the imaging of liver transplantation: assessment of the pre- and post-transplant patient. Eur Radiol. 10(7):1114-26, 2000
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging Anatomy
Posttransplant Complications
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT): Most common type of liver transplant, which involves removal of pathological liver and replacement by donor liver (typically whole liver) in anatomical position
Auxiliary liver transplant: Partial donor liver is transplanted in addition to existing liver in order to provide temporary functional support in period of liver dysfunction
Split lobe transplant: Solitary lobe transplant (as opposed to whole liver); performed more frequently in pediatric liver transplantation
IMAGING ANATOMY
General Anatomic Considerations
Critical Anatomic Structures
ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
Imaging Approaches
Imaging Pitfalls
Posttransplant Complications
Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Hepatic Artery Stenosis
Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm
Arterial Steal Syndrome
Portal Vein Stenosis or Thrombosis
Inferior Vena Cava and Hepatic Veins
Nonvascular Complications
Selected References
Rafailidis V et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the abdominal vasculature. Abdom Radiol (NY). 43(4):934-947, 2018
Sidhu PS et al: The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in non-hepatic applications: update 2017 (short version). Ultraschall Med. 39(2):154-180, 2018
Yusuf GT et al: Endocavitary contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): a novel problem solving technique. Insights Imaging. 9(3):303-311, 2018
Huang DY et al: Contrast-enhanced US-guided interventions: improving success rate and avoiding complications using us contrast agents. Radiographics. 37(2):652-664, 2017
Ma L et al: Vascular complications after adult living donor liver transplantation: evaluation with ultrasonography. World J Gastroenterol. 22(4):1617-26, 2016
Ren X et al: Common ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation. Exp Ther Med. 12(2):1029-1033, 2016
Rübenthaler J et al: Vascular complications in liver transplantation: beneficial role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the postoperative phase. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 64(3):475-482, 2016
García-Criado A et al: Impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the study of hepatic artery hypoperfusion shortly after liver transplantation: contribution to the diagnosis of artery steal syndrome. Eur Radiol. 25(1):196-202, 2015
Claudon M et al: Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol. 39(2):187-210, 2013
Chopra SS et al: Contrast enhanced ultrasound cholangiography via T-tube following liver transplantation. Ann Transplant. 17(4):108-12, 2012
Sanyal R et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation: reversible Doppler US findings in the immediate postoperative period. Radiographics. 32(1):199-211, 2012
Singh AK et al: Postoperative imaging in liver transplantation: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 30(2):339-51, 2010
Luo Y et al: CEUS: a new imaging approach for postoperative vascular complications after right-lobe LDLT. World J Gastroenterol. 15(29):3670-5, 2009
Bonini G et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue in the evaluation of postoperative complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Ultrasound. 10(2):99-106, 2007
Caiado AH et al: Complications of liver transplantation: multimodality imaging approach. Radiographics. 27(5):1401-17, 2007
Berry JD et al: Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplantation. Eur Radiol. 14 Suppl 8:P96-103, 2004
Sidhu PS et al: Microbubble ultrasound contrast in the assessment of hepatic artery patency following liver transplantation: role in reducing frequency of hepatic artery arteriography. Eur Radiol. 14(1):21-30, 2004
Crossin JD et al: US of liver transplants: normal and abnormal. Radiographics. 23(5):1093-114, 2003
Marshall MM et al: Assessment of portal venous system patency in the liver transplant candidate: a prospective study comparing ultrasound, microbubble-enhanced colour Doppler ultrasound, with arteriography and surgery. Clin Radiol. 57(5):377-83, 2002
Sidhu PS et al: Hepatic artery stenosis following liver transplantation: significance of the tardus parvus waveform and the role of microbubble contrast media in the detection of a focal stenosis. Clin Radiol. 57(9):789-99, 2002
Marshall MM et al: Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation: incidence, presenting features and management. Clin Radiol. 56(7):579-87, 2001
Sidhu PS et al: Clinical use of Levovist, an ultrasound contrast agent, in the imaging of liver transplantation: assessment of the pre- and post-transplant patient. Eur Radiol. 10(7):1114-26, 2000
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