In testicular rupture, tunica albuginea is disrupted and parts of testicular parenchyma may be extruded within hemiscrotum
Testicular fracture refers to presence of at least 1 fracture line crossing testicular parenchyma with intact tunica albuginea
Inflammation of epididymis and testis are termed epididymitis and orchitis or epididymoorchitis in cases of combined disease
Testicular lymphoma may either be primary in 84% of cases or secondary site of disease involvement in 16% of patients
Testicular leukemia can be seen in patients during and after acute leukemia
PATHOLOGY
General Features
IMAGING
General Features
US Findings
CEUS Findings
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Trauma
Inflammatory Conditions
Lymphoma and Leukemia
Selected References
Sidhu PS et al: The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for the Clinical Practice of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Non-Hepatic Applications: Update 2017 (Long Version). Ultraschall Med. 39(2):e2-e44, 2018
Rafailidis V et al: Sonographic imaging of extra-testicular focal lesions: comparison of grey-scale, colour Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound. 24(1):23-33, 2016
Bertolotto M et al: Grayscale and color Doppler features of testicular lymphoma. J Ultrasound Med. 34(6):1139-45, 2015
Yusuf G et al: Multiparametric sonography of testicular hematomas: Features on grayscale, color Doppler, and contrast-enhanced sonography and strain elastography. J Ultrasound Med. 34(7):1319-28, 2015
Joel J et al: Testicular sarcoidosis masquerading as testicular carcinoma. Cent European J Urol. 67(3):261-3, 2014
Tsili AC et al: MR imaging of scrotum. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 22(2):217-38, vi, 2014
Yusuf GT et al: A review of ultrasound imaging in scrotal emergencies. J Ultrasound. 16(4):171-8, 2013
Hedayati V et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in testicular trauma: role in directing exploration, debridement and organ salvage. Br J Radiol. 85(1011):e65-8, 2012
Huang DY et al: Focal testicular lesions: colour Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and tissue elastography as adjuvants to the diagnosis. Br J Radiol. 85 Spec No 1:S41-53, 2012
Lung PF et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the evaluation of focal testicular complications secondary to epididymitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(3):W345-54, 2012
Mirochnik B et al: Ultrasound evaluation of scrotal pathology. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(2):317-32, vi, 2012
Yagil Y et al: Role of Doppler ultrasonography in the triage of acute scrotum in the emergency department. J Ultrasound Med. 29(1):11-21, 2010
Kim SH et al: The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of testicular rupture: a prospective preliminary study. J Trauma. 66(1):239-42, 2009
Moschouris H et al: Imaging of the acute scrotum: is there a place for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography? Int Braz J Urol. 35(6):692-702; discussion 702-5, 2009
Guichard G et al: Accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma. Urology. 71(1):52-6, 2008
Deurdulian C et al: US of acute scrotal trauma: optimal technique, imaging findings, and management. Radiographics. 27(2):357-69, 2007
Kim SH et al: Significant predictors for determination of testicular rupture on sonography: a prospective study. J Ultrasound Med. 26(12):1649-55, 2007
Kim W et al: US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Radiographics. 27(5):1239-53, 2007
Buckley JC et al: Diagnosis and management of testicular ruptures. Urol Clin North Am. 33(1):111-6, vii, 2006
Dogra V et al: Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am. 42 (2): 349-63, 2004
Woodward PJ et al: From the archives of the AFIP: tumours and tumorlike lesions of the testis:radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(1):189-216, 2002
Cook JL et al: The changes seen on high-resolution ultrasound in orchitis. Clin Radiol. 55(1):13-8, 2000
Eskey CJ et al: Malignant lymphoma of the testis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 169(3):822, 1997
Mazzu D et al: Lymphoma and leukemia involving the testicles: findings on gray-scale and color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 164(3):645-7, 1995
Phillips G et al: Ultrasonic evaluation of the scrotum in lymphoproliferative disease. J Ultrasound Med. 6(4):169-75, 1987
Subramanyam BR et al: Diffuse testicular disease: sonographic features and significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 145(6):1221-4, 1985
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
In testicular rupture, tunica albuginea is disrupted and parts of testicular parenchyma may be extruded within hemiscrotum
Testicular fracture refers to presence of at least 1 fracture line crossing testicular parenchyma with intact tunica albuginea
Inflammation of epididymis and testis are termed epididymitis and orchitis or epididymoorchitis in cases of combined disease
Testicular lymphoma may either be primary in 84% of cases or secondary site of disease involvement in 16% of patients
Testicular leukemia can be seen in patients during and after acute leukemia
PATHOLOGY
General Features
IMAGING
General Features
US Findings
CEUS Findings
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Trauma
Inflammatory Conditions
Lymphoma and Leukemia
Selected References
Sidhu PS et al: The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for the Clinical Practice of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Non-Hepatic Applications: Update 2017 (Long Version). Ultraschall Med. 39(2):e2-e44, 2018
Rafailidis V et al: Sonographic imaging of extra-testicular focal lesions: comparison of grey-scale, colour Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound. 24(1):23-33, 2016
Bertolotto M et al: Grayscale and color Doppler features of testicular lymphoma. J Ultrasound Med. 34(6):1139-45, 2015
Yusuf G et al: Multiparametric sonography of testicular hematomas: Features on grayscale, color Doppler, and contrast-enhanced sonography and strain elastography. J Ultrasound Med. 34(7):1319-28, 2015
Joel J et al: Testicular sarcoidosis masquerading as testicular carcinoma. Cent European J Urol. 67(3):261-3, 2014
Tsili AC et al: MR imaging of scrotum. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 22(2):217-38, vi, 2014
Yusuf GT et al: A review of ultrasound imaging in scrotal emergencies. J Ultrasound. 16(4):171-8, 2013
Hedayati V et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in testicular trauma: role in directing exploration, debridement and organ salvage. Br J Radiol. 85(1011):e65-8, 2012
Huang DY et al: Focal testicular lesions: colour Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and tissue elastography as adjuvants to the diagnosis. Br J Radiol. 85 Spec No 1:S41-53, 2012
Lung PF et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the evaluation of focal testicular complications secondary to epididymitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(3):W345-54, 2012
Mirochnik B et al: Ultrasound evaluation of scrotal pathology. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(2):317-32, vi, 2012
Yagil Y et al: Role of Doppler ultrasonography in the triage of acute scrotum in the emergency department. J Ultrasound Med. 29(1):11-21, 2010
Kim SH et al: The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of testicular rupture: a prospective preliminary study. J Trauma. 66(1):239-42, 2009
Moschouris H et al: Imaging of the acute scrotum: is there a place for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography? Int Braz J Urol. 35(6):692-702; discussion 702-5, 2009
Guichard G et al: Accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma. Urology. 71(1):52-6, 2008
Deurdulian C et al: US of acute scrotal trauma: optimal technique, imaging findings, and management. Radiographics. 27(2):357-69, 2007
Kim SH et al: Significant predictors for determination of testicular rupture on sonography: a prospective study. J Ultrasound Med. 26(12):1649-55, 2007
Kim W et al: US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Radiographics. 27(5):1239-53, 2007
Buckley JC et al: Diagnosis and management of testicular ruptures. Urol Clin North Am. 33(1):111-6, vii, 2006
Dogra V et al: Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am. 42 (2): 349-63, 2004
Woodward PJ et al: From the archives of the AFIP: tumours and tumorlike lesions of the testis:radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(1):189-216, 2002
Cook JL et al: The changes seen on high-resolution ultrasound in orchitis. Clin Radiol. 55(1):13-8, 2000
Eskey CJ et al: Malignant lymphoma of the testis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 169(3):822, 1997
Mazzu D et al: Lymphoma and leukemia involving the testicles: findings on gray-scale and color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 164(3):645-7, 1995
Phillips G et al: Ultrasonic evaluation of the scrotum in lymphoproliferative disease. J Ultrasound Med. 6(4):169-75, 1987
Subramanyam BR et al: Diffuse testicular disease: sonographic features and significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 145(6):1221-4, 1985
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