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Pediatrics
Diagnosis
Spine
Congenital and Genetic Disorders
Congenital
Chiari Disorders
Chiari 2 Malformation
Chiari 2 Malformation
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Pathology

          • Clinical Issues

            • Diagnostic Checklist

              TERMINOLOGY

              • Synonyms

                • Chiari 2 Malformation, Chiari type 2, Arnold-Chiari malformation

              • Definitions

                • Chiari 2 malformation: Constellation of characteristic intracranial anomalies, mainly hindbrain herniation, in setting of open spinal dysraphism can be either myelomeningocele (MMC) or myelocele/myeloschisis

              IMAGING

              • General Features

                • Radiographic Findings

                  • CT Findings

                    • MR Findings

                      • Ultrasonographic Findings

                        • Imaging Recommendations

                          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                            PATHOLOGY

                            • General Features

                              • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                • Microscopic Features

                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                  • Presentation

                                    • Demographics

                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                        • Treatment

                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                          • Consider

                                            • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                              Selected References

                                              1. Nagaraj UD et al: Hindbrain herniation in Chiari II malformation on fetal and postnatal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(5):1031-36, 2017
                                              2. Tulipan N et al: Prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele and the need for cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 16(6):613-20, 2015
                                              3. Kobraei EM et al: A comparison of techniques for myelomeningocele defect closure in the neonatal period. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(9):1535-41, 2014
                                              4. Kshettry VR et al: Myelomeningocele: surgical trends and predictors of outcome in the United States, 1988-2010. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13(6):666-78, 2014
                                              5. Akbari SH et al: Surgical management of symptomatic Chiari II malformation in infants and children. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(7):1143-54, 2013
                                              6. Messing-Jünger M et al: Primary and secondary management of the Chiari II malformation in children with myelomeningocele. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1553-62, 2013
                                              7. Sweeney KJ et al: Spinal level of myelomeningocele lesion as a contributing factor in posterior fossa volume, intracranial cerebellar volume, and cerebellar ectopia. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 11(2):154-9, 2013
                                              8. Barkovich AJ et al: Pediatric Neuroimaging. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 497-501, 2012
                                              9. Citton V et al: Chiari 2 without spinal dysraphism: does it blow a hole in the pathogenesis? J Child Neurol. 27(4):536-9, 2012
                                              10. Geerdink N et al: Essential features of Chiari II malformation in MR imaging: an interobserver reliability study--part 1. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(7):977-85, 2012
                                              11. Adzick NS et al: A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 364(11):993-1004, 2011
                                              12. Juranek J et al: The cerebellum in children with spina bifida and Chiari II malformation: quantitative volumetrics by region. Cerebellum. 9(2):240-8, 2010
                                              13. Morota N et al: Postnatal ascent of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari malformation Type II following surgical repair of myelomeningocele. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2(3):188-93, 2008
                                              14. Stevenson KL: Chiari Type II malformation: past, present, and future. Neurosurg Focus. 16(2):E5, 2004
                                              15. McLone DG et al: The Chiari II malformation: cause and impact. Childs Nerv Syst. 19(7-8):540-50, 2003
                                              16. Boltshauser E et al: Vanishing cerebellum in myelomeningocoele. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 6(2):109-13, 2002
                                              17. McLone DG et al: The cause of Chiari II malformation: a unified theory. Pediatr Neurosci. 15(1):1-12, 1989
                                              Related Anatomy
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                                              Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                              References
                                              Tables

                                              Tables

                                              KEY FACTS

                                              • Terminology

                                                • Imaging

                                                  • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                    • Pathology

                                                      • Clinical Issues

                                                        • Diagnostic Checklist

                                                          TERMINOLOGY

                                                          • Synonyms

                                                            • Chiari 2 Malformation, Chiari type 2, Arnold-Chiari malformation

                                                          • Definitions

                                                            • Chiari 2 malformation: Constellation of characteristic intracranial anomalies, mainly hindbrain herniation, in setting of open spinal dysraphism can be either myelomeningocele (MMC) or myelocele/myeloschisis

                                                          IMAGING

                                                          • General Features

                                                            • Radiographic Findings

                                                              • CT Findings

                                                                • MR Findings

                                                                  • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                                    • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                        PATHOLOGY

                                                                        • General Features

                                                                          • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                            • Microscopic Features

                                                                              CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                              • Presentation

                                                                                • Demographics

                                                                                  • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                    • Treatment

                                                                                      DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                      • Consider

                                                                                        • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                                          Selected References

                                                                                          1. Nagaraj UD et al: Hindbrain herniation in Chiari II malformation on fetal and postnatal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(5):1031-36, 2017
                                                                                          2. Tulipan N et al: Prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele and the need for cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 16(6):613-20, 2015
                                                                                          3. Kobraei EM et al: A comparison of techniques for myelomeningocele defect closure in the neonatal period. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(9):1535-41, 2014
                                                                                          4. Kshettry VR et al: Myelomeningocele: surgical trends and predictors of outcome in the United States, 1988-2010. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13(6):666-78, 2014
                                                                                          5. Akbari SH et al: Surgical management of symptomatic Chiari II malformation in infants and children. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(7):1143-54, 2013
                                                                                          6. Messing-Jünger M et al: Primary and secondary management of the Chiari II malformation in children with myelomeningocele. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1553-62, 2013
                                                                                          7. Sweeney KJ et al: Spinal level of myelomeningocele lesion as a contributing factor in posterior fossa volume, intracranial cerebellar volume, and cerebellar ectopia. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 11(2):154-9, 2013
                                                                                          8. Barkovich AJ et al: Pediatric Neuroimaging. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 497-501, 2012
                                                                                          9. Citton V et al: Chiari 2 without spinal dysraphism: does it blow a hole in the pathogenesis? J Child Neurol. 27(4):536-9, 2012
                                                                                          10. Geerdink N et al: Essential features of Chiari II malformation in MR imaging: an interobserver reliability study--part 1. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(7):977-85, 2012
                                                                                          11. Adzick NS et al: A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 364(11):993-1004, 2011
                                                                                          12. Juranek J et al: The cerebellum in children with spina bifida and Chiari II malformation: quantitative volumetrics by region. Cerebellum. 9(2):240-8, 2010
                                                                                          13. Morota N et al: Postnatal ascent of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari malformation Type II following surgical repair of myelomeningocele. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2(3):188-93, 2008
                                                                                          14. Stevenson KL: Chiari Type II malformation: past, present, and future. Neurosurg Focus. 16(2):E5, 2004
                                                                                          15. McLone DG et al: The Chiari II malformation: cause and impact. Childs Nerv Syst. 19(7-8):540-50, 2003
                                                                                          16. Boltshauser E et al: Vanishing cerebellum in myelomeningocoele. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 6(2):109-13, 2002
                                                                                          17. McLone DG et al: The cause of Chiari II malformation: a unified theory. Pediatr Neurosci. 15(1):1-12, 1989
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