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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Chiari 2 (Ch2) malformation
- Open neural tube defect (ONTD)
Synonyms
- Arnold Ch2 malformation
Definitions
- Anomaly of cerebellum, brainstem, and cervical cord associated with small bony posterior fossa and typically seen with ONTD
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ben Miled S et al: Severe and progressive neuronal loss in myelomeningocele begins before 16 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(2):256.e1-9, 2020
- Donepudi R et al: Trends in ventricle size during pregnancy and its use for prediction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in fetal myelomeningocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 56(5):678-83, 2019
- Warner HM et al: T2 prolongation in the cerebellar vermis on prenatal MRI of fetuses with Chiari 2 malformations. Clin Radiol. 74(5):408.e19-25, 2019
- Nagaraj UD et al: Hindbrain herniation in Chiari II malformation on fetal and postnatal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(5):1031-6, 2017
- Chapman T et al: Diagnostic imaging of posterior fossa anomalies in the fetus and neonate: part 2, posterior fossa disorders. Clin Imaging. 39(2):167-75, 2015
- Kappou D et al: Towards detecting open spina bifida in the first trimester: the examination of the posterior brain. Fetal Diagn Ther. 37(4):294-300, 2015
- Mignone Philpott C et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging of the cerebellum in the fetus with Chiari II malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(8):1656-60, 2013
- Fuchs I et al: Normal intracranial translucency and posterior fossa at 11-13 weeks' gestation in a fetus with closed spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 40(2):238-9, 2012
- Chaoui R et al: Prospective detection of open spina bifida at 11-13 weeks by assessing intracranial translucency and posterior brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 38(6):722-6, 2011
- Adzick NS: Fetal myelomeningocele: natural history, pathophysiology, and in-utero intervention. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 15(1):9-14, 2010
- Chaoui R et al: Assessment of intracranial translucency (IT) in the detection of spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 34(3):249-52, 2009
- Wong SK et al: Supratentorial abnormalities in the Chiari II malformationa, III: The interhemispheric cyst. J Ultrasound Med. 28(8):999-1006, 2009
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Chiari 2 (Ch2) malformation
- Open neural tube defect (ONTD)
Synonyms
- Arnold Ch2 malformation
Definitions
- Anomaly of cerebellum, brainstem, and cervical cord associated with small bony posterior fossa and typically seen with ONTD
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ben Miled S et al: Severe and progressive neuronal loss in myelomeningocele begins before 16 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(2):256.e1-9, 2020
- Donepudi R et al: Trends in ventricle size during pregnancy and its use for prediction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in fetal myelomeningocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 56(5):678-83, 2019
- Warner HM et al: T2 prolongation in the cerebellar vermis on prenatal MRI of fetuses with Chiari 2 malformations. Clin Radiol. 74(5):408.e19-25, 2019
- Nagaraj UD et al: Hindbrain herniation in Chiari II malformation on fetal and postnatal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(5):1031-6, 2017
- Chapman T et al: Diagnostic imaging of posterior fossa anomalies in the fetus and neonate: part 2, posterior fossa disorders. Clin Imaging. 39(2):167-75, 2015
- Kappou D et al: Towards detecting open spina bifida in the first trimester: the examination of the posterior brain. Fetal Diagn Ther. 37(4):294-300, 2015
- Mignone Philpott C et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging of the cerebellum in the fetus with Chiari II malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(8):1656-60, 2013
- Fuchs I et al: Normal intracranial translucency and posterior fossa at 11-13 weeks' gestation in a fetus with closed spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 40(2):238-9, 2012
- Chaoui R et al: Prospective detection of open spina bifida at 11-13 weeks by assessing intracranial translucency and posterior brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 38(6):722-6, 2011
- Adzick NS: Fetal myelomeningocele: natural history, pathophysiology, and in-utero intervention. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 15(1):9-14, 2010
- Chaoui R et al: Assessment of intracranial translucency (IT) in the detection of spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 34(3):249-52, 2009
- Wong SK et al: Supratentorial abnormalities in the Chiari II malformationa, III: The interhemispheric cyst. J Ultrasound Med. 28(8):999-1006, 2009
