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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Nonaccidental trauma
- Trauma X
- Battered child syndrome
- Shaken baby syndrome
Definitions
- Skeletal injury to child due to violent act of another individual
- Other organ injuries often seen as well
- Skeletal injury to child due to violent act of another individual
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Barber I et al: The yield of high-detail radiographic skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 45(1):69-80, 2015
- Deutsch SA: A struggle for certainty--protecting the vulnerable. N Engl J Med. 372(6):506-7, 2015
- Phillips KL et al: Radiographic skeletal survey for non-accidental injury: Systematic review and development of a national New Zealand protocol. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 59(1):54-65, 2015
- Flaherty EG et al: Evaluating children with fractures for child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 133(2):e477-89, 2014
- Shelmerdine SC et al: Who are we missing? Too few skeletal surveys for children with humeral and femoral fractures. Clin Radiol. 69(12):e512-6, 2014
- Meyer JS et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) on suspected physical abuse-child. J Am Coll Radiol. 8(2):87-94, 2011
- Ravichandiran N et al: Delayed identification of pediatric abuse-related fractures. Pediatrics. 125(1):60-6, 2010
- Hansoti B et al: Limb fractures and nonaccidental injury in children less than 24 months of age. Eur J Emerg Med. 15(2):63-6, 2008
- Peters ML et al: The presence of bruising associated with fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 162(9):877-81, 2008
- Coffey C et al: The risk of child abuse in infants and toddlers with lower extremity injuries. J Pediatr Surg. 40(1):120-3, 2005
- Grayev AM et al: Metaphyseal fractures mimicking abuse during treatment for clubfoot. Pediatr Radiol. 31(8):559-63, 2001
- Nimkin K et al: Fractures of the hands and feet in child abuse: imaging and pathologic features. Radiology. 203(1):233-6, 1997
- Kleinman PK et al: A regional approach to the classic metaphyseal lesion in abused infants: the proximal humerus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 167(6):1399-403, 1996
- dos Santos LM et al: Soft tissue swelling with fractures: abuse versus nonintentional. Pediatr Emerg Care. 11(4):215-6, 1995
- Conway JJ et al: The role of bone scintigraphy in detecting child abuse. Semin Nucl Med. 23(4):321-33, 1993
- Stewart G et al: Trauma in infants less than three months of age. Pediatr Emerg Care. 9(4):199-201, 1993
- Oestreich AE et al: The periphysis and its effect on the metaphysis: I. Definition and normal radiographic pattern. Skeletal Radiol. 21(5):283-6, 1992
- McClelland CQ et al: Fractures in the first year of life. A diagnostic dilemma. Am J Dis Child. 136(1):26-9, 1982
- Paterson CR: Vitamin D deficiency rickets simulating child abuse. J Pediatr Orthop. 1(4):423-5, 1981
- Jaffe AC et al: Multiple metatarsal fractures in child abuse. Pediatrics. 60(4 Pt 2):642-3, 1977
- Wilkinson RH et al: Pediatric skeletal trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 6(2):1-37, 1976
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Nonaccidental trauma
- Trauma X
- Battered child syndrome
- Shaken baby syndrome
Definitions
- Skeletal injury to child due to violent act of another individual
- Other organ injuries often seen as well
- Skeletal injury to child due to violent act of another individual
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Barber I et al: The yield of high-detail radiographic skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 45(1):69-80, 2015
- Deutsch SA: A struggle for certainty--protecting the vulnerable. N Engl J Med. 372(6):506-7, 2015
- Phillips KL et al: Radiographic skeletal survey for non-accidental injury: Systematic review and development of a national New Zealand protocol. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 59(1):54-65, 2015
- Flaherty EG et al: Evaluating children with fractures for child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 133(2):e477-89, 2014
- Shelmerdine SC et al: Who are we missing? Too few skeletal surveys for children with humeral and femoral fractures. Clin Radiol. 69(12):e512-6, 2014
- Meyer JS et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) on suspected physical abuse-child. J Am Coll Radiol. 8(2):87-94, 2011
- Ravichandiran N et al: Delayed identification of pediatric abuse-related fractures. Pediatrics. 125(1):60-6, 2010
- Hansoti B et al: Limb fractures and nonaccidental injury in children less than 24 months of age. Eur J Emerg Med. 15(2):63-6, 2008
- Peters ML et al: The presence of bruising associated with fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 162(9):877-81, 2008
- Coffey C et al: The risk of child abuse in infants and toddlers with lower extremity injuries. J Pediatr Surg. 40(1):120-3, 2005
- Grayev AM et al: Metaphyseal fractures mimicking abuse during treatment for clubfoot. Pediatr Radiol. 31(8):559-63, 2001
- Nimkin K et al: Fractures of the hands and feet in child abuse: imaging and pathologic features. Radiology. 203(1):233-6, 1997
- Kleinman PK et al: A regional approach to the classic metaphyseal lesion in abused infants: the proximal humerus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 167(6):1399-403, 1996
- dos Santos LM et al: Soft tissue swelling with fractures: abuse versus nonintentional. Pediatr Emerg Care. 11(4):215-6, 1995
- Conway JJ et al: The role of bone scintigraphy in detecting child abuse. Semin Nucl Med. 23(4):321-33, 1993
- Stewart G et al: Trauma in infants less than three months of age. Pediatr Emerg Care. 9(4):199-201, 1993
- Oestreich AE et al: The periphysis and its effect on the metaphysis: I. Definition and normal radiographic pattern. Skeletal Radiol. 21(5):283-6, 1992
- McClelland CQ et al: Fractures in the first year of life. A diagnostic dilemma. Am J Dis Child. 136(1):26-9, 1982
- Paterson CR: Vitamin D deficiency rickets simulating child abuse. J Pediatr Orthop. 1(4):423-5, 1981
- Jaffe AC et al: Multiple metatarsal fractures in child abuse. Pediatrics. 60(4 Pt 2):642-3, 1977
- Wilkinson RH et al: Pediatric skeletal trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 6(2):1-37, 1976
