Nonaccidental trauma or injury (NAT, NAI), child abuse, & neglect
Synonyms
Battered child syndrome, Kempe-Silverman syndrome
Definitions
Child abuse: Any act or failure to act by parent/caretaker that causes harm or imminent risk of harm to child
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Mitchell IC et al: Identifying maltreatment in infants and young children presenting with fractures: does age matter? Acad Emerg Med. 28(1):5-18, 2021
Tsai A et al: Temporal pattern of radiographic findings of costochondral junction rib fractures on serial skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(6):1649-58, 2021
Kriss S et al: Characteristics of rib fractures in young abused children. Pediatr Radiol. 50(5):726-33, 2020
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: An Office of the Administration for Children & Families: Children’s Bureau: Child Maltreatment 2018. Published January 15, 2020. Accessed September 23, 2020. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2018
Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging:. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® suspected physical abuse-child. J Am Coll Radiol. 14(5S):S338-49, 2017
Barber I et al: The yield of high-detail radiographic skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 45(1):69-80, 2015
Kleinman, PK. Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2015
Duffy SO et al: Use of skeletal surveys to evaluate for physical abuse: analysis of 703 consecutive skeletal surveys. Pediatrics. 127(1):e47-52, 2011
Karmazyn B et al: The prevalence of uncommon fractures on skeletal surveys performed to evaluate for suspected abuse in 930 children: should practice guidelines change? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W159-63, 2011
Drubach LA et al: Skeletal trauma in child abuse: detection with 18F-NaF PET. Radiology. 255(1):173-81, 2010
Perez-Rossello JM et al: Whole-body MRI in suspected infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(3):744-50, 2010
Turk F et al: Evaluation by ultrasound of traumatic rib fractures missed by radiography. Emerg Radiol. 17(6):473-7, 2010
Kelloff J et al: Acute rib fracture diagnosis in an infant by US: a matter of child protection. Pediatr Radiol. 39(1):70-2, 2009
Hansen KK et al: Oblique chest views as a routine part of skeletal surveys performed for possible physical abuse--is this practice worthwhile? Child Abuse Negl. 32(1):155-9, 2008
Leventhal JM et al: Incidence of fractures attributable to abuse in young hospitalized children: results from analysis of a United States database. Pediatrics. 122(3):599-604, 2008
Peters ML et al: The presence of bruising associated with fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 162(9):877-81, 2008
Wootton-Gorges SL et al: Comparison of computed tomography and chest radiography in the detection of rib fractures in abused infants. Child Abuse Negl. 32(6):659-63, 2008
Zimmerman S et al: Utility of follow-up skeletal surveys in suspected child physical abuse evaluations. Child Abuse Negl. 29(10):1075-83, 2005
Barsness KA et al: The positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children. J Trauma. 54(6):1107-10, 2003
Lonergan GJ et al: From the archives of the AFIP. Child abuse: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 23(4):811-45, 2003
Mandelstam SA et al: Complementary use of radiological skeletal survey and bone scintigraphy in detection of bony injuries in suspected child abuse. Arch Dis Child. 88(5):387-90; discussion 387-90, 2003
Kleinman PK et al: Inflicted skeletal injury: a postmortem radiologic-histopathologic study in 31 infants. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 165(3):647-50, 1995
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Nonaccidental trauma or injury (NAT, NAI), child abuse, & neglect
Synonyms
Battered child syndrome, Kempe-Silverman syndrome
Definitions
Child abuse: Any act or failure to act by parent/caretaker that causes harm or imminent risk of harm to child
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Mitchell IC et al: Identifying maltreatment in infants and young children presenting with fractures: does age matter? Acad Emerg Med. 28(1):5-18, 2021
Tsai A et al: Temporal pattern of radiographic findings of costochondral junction rib fractures on serial skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(6):1649-58, 2021
Kriss S et al: Characteristics of rib fractures in young abused children. Pediatr Radiol. 50(5):726-33, 2020
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: An Office of the Administration for Children & Families: Children’s Bureau: Child Maltreatment 2018. Published January 15, 2020. Accessed September 23, 2020. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2018
Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging:. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® suspected physical abuse-child. J Am Coll Radiol. 14(5S):S338-49, 2017
Barber I et al: The yield of high-detail radiographic skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 45(1):69-80, 2015
Kleinman, PK. Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2015
Duffy SO et al: Use of skeletal surveys to evaluate for physical abuse: analysis of 703 consecutive skeletal surveys. Pediatrics. 127(1):e47-52, 2011
Karmazyn B et al: The prevalence of uncommon fractures on skeletal surveys performed to evaluate for suspected abuse in 930 children: should practice guidelines change? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W159-63, 2011
Drubach LA et al: Skeletal trauma in child abuse: detection with 18F-NaF PET. Radiology. 255(1):173-81, 2010
Perez-Rossello JM et al: Whole-body MRI in suspected infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(3):744-50, 2010
Turk F et al: Evaluation by ultrasound of traumatic rib fractures missed by radiography. Emerg Radiol. 17(6):473-7, 2010
Kelloff J et al: Acute rib fracture diagnosis in an infant by US: a matter of child protection. Pediatr Radiol. 39(1):70-2, 2009
Hansen KK et al: Oblique chest views as a routine part of skeletal surveys performed for possible physical abuse--is this practice worthwhile? Child Abuse Negl. 32(1):155-9, 2008
Leventhal JM et al: Incidence of fractures attributable to abuse in young hospitalized children: results from analysis of a United States database. Pediatrics. 122(3):599-604, 2008
Peters ML et al: The presence of bruising associated with fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 162(9):877-81, 2008
Wootton-Gorges SL et al: Comparison of computed tomography and chest radiography in the detection of rib fractures in abused infants. Child Abuse Negl. 32(6):659-63, 2008
Zimmerman S et al: Utility of follow-up skeletal surveys in suspected child physical abuse evaluations. Child Abuse Negl. 29(10):1075-83, 2005
Barsness KA et al: The positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children. J Trauma. 54(6):1107-10, 2003
Lonergan GJ et al: From the archives of the AFIP. Child abuse: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 23(4):811-45, 2003
Mandelstam SA et al: Complementary use of radiological skeletal survey and bone scintigraphy in detection of bony injuries in suspected child abuse. Arch Dis Child. 88(5):387-90; discussion 387-90, 2003
Kleinman PK et al: Inflicted skeletal injury: a postmortem radiologic-histopathologic study in 31 infants. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 165(3):647-50, 1995
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