Cloacal exstrophy: Complex abdominal wall defect (AWD) with exposed, abnormally persistent connection of genital, urinary, & intestinal tracts
IMAGING
General Features
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Revels JW et al: An algorithmic approach to complex fetal abdominal wall defects. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 214(1):218-31, 2020
Weiss DA et al: Key anatomic findings on fetal ultrasound and MRI in the prenatal diagnosis of bladder and cloacal exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 16(5):665-71, 2020
Victoria T et al: Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects: prenatal imaging by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(4):499-512, 2018
Mallmann MR et al: Omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects complex: associated malformations in 12 new cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 41(1):66-70, 2017
Nagaraj UD et al: Differentiating closed versus open spinal dysraphisms on fetal MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(6):1316-23, 2016
Allam ES et al: Fetal and neonatal presentation of OEIS complex. J Pediatr Surg. 50(12):2155-8, 2015
Pakdaman R et al: Complex abdominal wall defects: appearances at prenatal imaging. Radiographics. 35(2):636-49, 2015
Torres US et al: When closure fails: what the radiologist needs to know about the embryology, anatomy, and prenatal imaging of ventral body wall defects. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(6):522-36, 2015
Vliet Rv et al: Clinical outcome of cloacal exstrophy, current status, and a change in surgical management. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 25(1):87-93, 2015
Dutta HK: Cloacal exstrophy: a single center experience. J Pediatr Urol. 10(2):329-35, 2014
Mallmann MR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of covered cloacal exstrophy. Fetal Diagn Ther. 36(4):333-6, 2014
Pierre K et al: Bladder exstrophy: current management and postoperative imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 44(7):768-86; quiz 765-7, 2014
Bischoff A et al: Covered cloacal exstrophy--a poorly recognized condition: hints for a correct diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg. 48(12):2389-92, 2013
Calvo-Garcia MA et al: Fetal MRI of cloacal exstrophy. Pediatr Radiol. 43(5):593-604, 2013
Cloacal exstrophy: Complex abdominal wall defect (AWD) with exposed, abnormally persistent connection of genital, urinary, & intestinal tracts
IMAGING
General Features
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Revels JW et al: An algorithmic approach to complex fetal abdominal wall defects. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 214(1):218-31, 2020
Weiss DA et al: Key anatomic findings on fetal ultrasound and MRI in the prenatal diagnosis of bladder and cloacal exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 16(5):665-71, 2020
Victoria T et al: Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects: prenatal imaging by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(4):499-512, 2018
Mallmann MR et al: Omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects complex: associated malformations in 12 new cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 41(1):66-70, 2017
Nagaraj UD et al: Differentiating closed versus open spinal dysraphisms on fetal MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(6):1316-23, 2016
Allam ES et al: Fetal and neonatal presentation of OEIS complex. J Pediatr Surg. 50(12):2155-8, 2015
Pakdaman R et al: Complex abdominal wall defects: appearances at prenatal imaging. Radiographics. 35(2):636-49, 2015
Torres US et al: When closure fails: what the radiologist needs to know about the embryology, anatomy, and prenatal imaging of ventral body wall defects. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(6):522-36, 2015
Vliet Rv et al: Clinical outcome of cloacal exstrophy, current status, and a change in surgical management. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 25(1):87-93, 2015
Dutta HK: Cloacal exstrophy: a single center experience. J Pediatr Urol. 10(2):329-35, 2014
Mallmann MR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of covered cloacal exstrophy. Fetal Diagn Ther. 36(4):333-6, 2014
Pierre K et al: Bladder exstrophy: current management and postoperative imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 44(7):768-86; quiz 765-7, 2014
Bischoff A et al: Covered cloacal exstrophy--a poorly recognized condition: hints for a correct diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg. 48(12):2389-92, 2013
Calvo-Garcia MA et al: Fetal MRI of cloacal exstrophy. Pediatr Radiol. 43(5):593-604, 2013
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