Array of electrodes along wire appear as tiny bumps radiographically
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Burck I et al: Radiohistologic comparison study of temporal bone specimens after cochlear implant electrode array insertion: is cone-beam CT superior to MDCT? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(3):752-8, 2021
Oh J et al: Cochlear duct length and cochlear distance on preoperative CT: imaging markers for estimating insertion depth angle of cochlear implant electrode. Eur Radiol. 31(3):1260-7, 2021
Camerin GR et al: Cochlear-facial dehiscence detected after cochlear implant. Otol Neurotol. 41(2):e293-4, 2020
Leinung M et al: Cochlear implant magnet dislocation after MRI: surgical management and outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(5):1297-304, 2020
Plontke SK et al: How much cochlea do you need for cochlear implantation? Otol Neurotol. 41(5):694-703, 2020
Stock A et al: Evaluation after cochlear implant surgery : correlation of clinical outcome and imaging findings using flat-detector CT. Clin Neuroradiol. 31(2):367-72, 2020
Widmann G et al: Pre- and post-operative imaging of cochlear implants: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 11(1):93, 2020
Yilmazer R et al: Anatomical landmarks for cochlear implantatıon in ossifıed cochleas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(12):3301-6, 2020
Cooper T et al: Optimization of intraoperative imaging protocol to confirm placement of cochlear implant electrodes. Otol Neurotol. 40(5):625-9, 2019
Yan T et al: Cochlear implantation in patients with ossified cochleas. Am J Otolaryngol. 40(2):183-6, 2019
Yigit O et al: Which imaging modality in cochlear implant candidates? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 276(5):1307-11, 2019
Vesseur A et al: Hearing restoration in cochlear nerve deficiency: the choice between cochlear implant or auditory brainstem implant, a meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 39(4):428-37, 2018
Wei X et al: Predicting auditory outcomes from radiological imaging in cochlear implant patients with cochlear nerve deficiency. Otol Neurotol. 38(5):685-93, 2017
Colby CC et al: Standardization of CT depiction of cochlear implant insertion depth. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):368-71, 2015
Fischer N et al: Radiologic and functional evaluation of electrode dislocation from the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli in patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):372-7, 2015
van der Jagt MA et al: Visualization of human inner ear anatomy with high-resolution MR imaging at 7T: initial clinical assessment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):378-83, 2015
Pearl MS et al: High-resolution secondary reconstructions with the use of flat panel CT in the clinical assessment of patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(6):1202-8, 2014
Vlastarakos PV et al: Cochlear implantation update: contemporary preoperative imaging and future prospects - the dual modality approach as a standard of care. Expert Rev Med Devices. 7(4):555-67, 2010
Isaacson B et al: Labyrinthitis ossificans: how accurate is MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140(5):692-6, 2009
Verbist BM et al: Multisection CT as a valuable tool in the postoperative assessment of cochlear implant patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):424-9, 2005
Aschendorff A et al: Imaging procedures in cochlear implant patients--evaluation of different radiological techniques. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. (552):46-9, 2004
Jain R et al: Cochlear implant failure: imaging evaluation of the electrode course. Clin Radiol. 58(4):288-93, 2003
Witte RJ et al: Pediatric and adult cochlear implantation. Radiographics. 23(5):1185-200, 2003
Lo WW: Imaging of cochlear and auditory brain stem implantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(6):1147-54, 1998
Teissl C et al: Cochlear implants: in vitro investigation of electromagnetic interference at MR imaging--compatibility and safety aspects. Radiology. 208(3):700-8, 1998
Johnson MH et al: CT of postmeningitic deafness: observations and predictive value for cochlear implants in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):103-9, 1995
Shpizner BA et al: Postoperative imaging of the multichannel cochlear implant. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(7):1517-24, 1995
Mukherji SK et al: CT of the temporal bone: findings after mastoidectomy, ossicular reconstruction, and cochlear implantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(6):1467-71, 1994
Harnsberger HR et al: Cochlear implant candidates: assessment with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 164(1):53-7, 1987
National Health Interview Survey, 2014 data. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Cochlear implant (CI)
Synonyms
Cochlear electrode
Definitions
CI: Multicomponent electronic device that provides auditory information by directly stimulating auditory fibers in cochlea
Microphone
External component that resides behind ear
Receives sound from environment
Transforms sound to electrical impulse
Transmits impulse to speech processor
Speech processor
External component that may be attached to microphone or worn separately in clothing
Custom programmed computer that emphasizes speech over other sounds
Digitally encodes sounds from frequency range of human speech
Encoding strategy depends on manufacturer
Transmitter
External component that resides behind ear, atop subcutaneous receiver
Transcutaneously sends magnetic impulses from speech processor to receiver
Held in place by magnet in subcutaneous receiver
Receiver
Thin, subcutaneous component that resides behind ear
Surgically implanted
Converts magnetic impulses from transmitter to electrical signal for stimulator wire
Array of electrodes along wire appear as tiny bumps radiographically
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Burck I et al: Radiohistologic comparison study of temporal bone specimens after cochlear implant electrode array insertion: is cone-beam CT superior to MDCT? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(3):752-8, 2021
Oh J et al: Cochlear duct length and cochlear distance on preoperative CT: imaging markers for estimating insertion depth angle of cochlear implant electrode. Eur Radiol. 31(3):1260-7, 2021
Camerin GR et al: Cochlear-facial dehiscence detected after cochlear implant. Otol Neurotol. 41(2):e293-4, 2020
Leinung M et al: Cochlear implant magnet dislocation after MRI: surgical management and outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(5):1297-304, 2020
Plontke SK et al: How much cochlea do you need for cochlear implantation? Otol Neurotol. 41(5):694-703, 2020
Stock A et al: Evaluation after cochlear implant surgery : correlation of clinical outcome and imaging findings using flat-detector CT. Clin Neuroradiol. 31(2):367-72, 2020
Widmann G et al: Pre- and post-operative imaging of cochlear implants: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 11(1):93, 2020
Yilmazer R et al: Anatomical landmarks for cochlear implantatıon in ossifıed cochleas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(12):3301-6, 2020
Cooper T et al: Optimization of intraoperative imaging protocol to confirm placement of cochlear implant electrodes. Otol Neurotol. 40(5):625-9, 2019
Yan T et al: Cochlear implantation in patients with ossified cochleas. Am J Otolaryngol. 40(2):183-6, 2019
Yigit O et al: Which imaging modality in cochlear implant candidates? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 276(5):1307-11, 2019
Vesseur A et al: Hearing restoration in cochlear nerve deficiency: the choice between cochlear implant or auditory brainstem implant, a meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 39(4):428-37, 2018
Wei X et al: Predicting auditory outcomes from radiological imaging in cochlear implant patients with cochlear nerve deficiency. Otol Neurotol. 38(5):685-93, 2017
Colby CC et al: Standardization of CT depiction of cochlear implant insertion depth. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):368-71, 2015
Fischer N et al: Radiologic and functional evaluation of electrode dislocation from the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli in patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):372-7, 2015
van der Jagt MA et al: Visualization of human inner ear anatomy with high-resolution MR imaging at 7T: initial clinical assessment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):378-83, 2015
Pearl MS et al: High-resolution secondary reconstructions with the use of flat panel CT in the clinical assessment of patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(6):1202-8, 2014
Vlastarakos PV et al: Cochlear implantation update: contemporary preoperative imaging and future prospects - the dual modality approach as a standard of care. Expert Rev Med Devices. 7(4):555-67, 2010
Isaacson B et al: Labyrinthitis ossificans: how accurate is MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140(5):692-6, 2009
Verbist BM et al: Multisection CT as a valuable tool in the postoperative assessment of cochlear implant patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):424-9, 2005
Aschendorff A et al: Imaging procedures in cochlear implant patients--evaluation of different radiological techniques. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. (552):46-9, 2004
Jain R et al: Cochlear implant failure: imaging evaluation of the electrode course. Clin Radiol. 58(4):288-93, 2003
Witte RJ et al: Pediatric and adult cochlear implantation. Radiographics. 23(5):1185-200, 2003
Lo WW: Imaging of cochlear and auditory brain stem implantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(6):1147-54, 1998
Teissl C et al: Cochlear implants: in vitro investigation of electromagnetic interference at MR imaging--compatibility and safety aspects. Radiology. 208(3):700-8, 1998
Johnson MH et al: CT of postmeningitic deafness: observations and predictive value for cochlear implants in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):103-9, 1995
Shpizner BA et al: Postoperative imaging of the multichannel cochlear implant. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(7):1517-24, 1995
Mukherji SK et al: CT of the temporal bone: findings after mastoidectomy, ossicular reconstruction, and cochlear implantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(6):1467-71, 1994
Harnsberger HR et al: Cochlear implant candidates: assessment with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 164(1):53-7, 1987
National Health Interview Survey, 2014 data. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm
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