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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cochlear implant (CI)
Synonyms
- Cochlear electrode
Definitions
- CI: Multicomponent electronic device that provides auditory information by directly stimulating auditory fibers in cochlea
- Microphone
- External component that resides behind ear
- Receives sound from environment
- Transforms sound to electrical impulse
- Transmits impulse to speech processor
- Speech processor
- External component that may be attached to microphone or worn separately in clothing
- Custom programmed computer that emphasizes speech over other sounds
- Digitally encodes sounds from frequency range of human speech
- Encoding strategy depends on manufacturer
- Transmitter
- External component that resides behind ear, atop subcutaneous receiver
- Transcutaneously sends magnetic impulses from speech processor to receiver
- Held in place by magnet in subcutaneous receiver
- Receiver
- Thin, subcutaneous component that resides behind ear
- Surgically implanted
- Converts magnetic impulses from transmitter to electrical signal for stimulator wire
- Stimulator
- Wire placed inside cochlea directly stimulates spiral ganglion cells & cochlear axons
- Stimulator wire enters cochlea via round window
- Array of electrodes along wire appear as tiny bumps radiographically
- Microphone
- CI: Multicomponent electronic device that provides auditory information by directly stimulating auditory fibers in cochlea
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Burck I et al: Radiohistologic comparison study of temporal bone specimens after cochlear implant electrode array insertion: is cone-beam CT superior to MDCT? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(3):752-8, 2021
- Oh J et al: Cochlear duct length and cochlear distance on preoperative CT: imaging markers for estimating insertion depth angle of cochlear implant electrode. Eur Radiol. 31(3):1260-7, 2021
- Camerin GR et al: Cochlear-facial dehiscence detected after cochlear implant. Otol Neurotol. 41(2):e293-4, 2020
- Leinung M et al: Cochlear implant magnet dislocation after MRI: surgical management and outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(5):1297-304, 2020
- Plontke SK et al: How much cochlea do you need for cochlear implantation? Otol Neurotol. 41(5):694-703, 2020
- Stock A et al: Evaluation after cochlear implant surgery : correlation of clinical outcome and imaging findings using flat-detector CT. Clin Neuroradiol. 31(2):367-72, 2020
- Widmann G et al: Pre- and post-operative imaging of cochlear implants: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 11(1):93, 2020
- Yilmazer R et al: Anatomical landmarks for cochlear implantatıon in ossifıed cochleas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(12):3301-6, 2020
- Cooper T et al: Optimization of intraoperative imaging protocol to confirm placement of cochlear implant electrodes. Otol Neurotol. 40(5):625-9, 2019
- Yan T et al: Cochlear implantation in patients with ossified cochleas. Am J Otolaryngol. 40(2):183-6, 2019
- Yigit O et al: Which imaging modality in cochlear implant candidates? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 276(5):1307-11, 2019
- Vesseur A et al: Hearing restoration in cochlear nerve deficiency: the choice between cochlear implant or auditory brainstem implant, a meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 39(4):428-37, 2018
- Wei X et al: Predicting auditory outcomes from radiological imaging in cochlear implant patients with cochlear nerve deficiency. Otol Neurotol. 38(5):685-93, 2017
- Colby CC et al: Standardization of CT depiction of cochlear implant insertion depth. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):368-71, 2015
- Fischer N et al: Radiologic and functional evaluation of electrode dislocation from the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli in patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):372-7, 2015
- van der Jagt MA et al: Visualization of human inner ear anatomy with high-resolution MR imaging at 7T: initial clinical assessment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):378-83, 2015
- Pearl MS et al: High-resolution secondary reconstructions with the use of flat panel CT in the clinical assessment of patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(6):1202-8, 2014
- Vlastarakos PV et al: Cochlear implantation update: contemporary preoperative imaging and future prospects - the dual modality approach as a standard of care. Expert Rev Med Devices. 7(4):555-67, 2010
- Isaacson B et al: Labyrinthitis ossificans: how accurate is MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140(5):692-6, 2009
- Verbist BM et al: Multisection CT as a valuable tool in the postoperative assessment of cochlear implant patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):424-9, 2005
- Aschendorff A et al: Imaging procedures in cochlear implant patients--evaluation of different radiological techniques. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. (552):46-9, 2004
- Jain R et al: Cochlear implant failure: imaging evaluation of the electrode course. Clin Radiol. 58(4):288-93, 2003
- Witte RJ et al: Pediatric and adult cochlear implantation. Radiographics. 23(5):1185-200, 2003
- Lo WW: Imaging of cochlear and auditory brain stem implantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(6):1147-54, 1998
- Teissl C et al: Cochlear implants: in vitro investigation of electromagnetic interference at MR imaging--compatibility and safety aspects. Radiology. 208(3):700-8, 1998
- Johnson MH et al: CT of postmeningitic deafness: observations and predictive value for cochlear implants in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):103-9, 1995
- Shpizner BA et al: Postoperative imaging of the multichannel cochlear implant. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(7):1517-24, 1995
- Mukherji SK et al: CT of the temporal bone: findings after mastoidectomy, ossicular reconstruction, and cochlear implantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(6):1467-71, 1994
- Harnsberger HR et al: Cochlear implant candidates: assessment with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 164(1):53-7, 1987
- National Health Interview Survey, 2014 data. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cochlear implant (CI)
Synonyms
- Cochlear electrode
Definitions
- CI: Multicomponent electronic device that provides auditory information by directly stimulating auditory fibers in cochlea
- Microphone
- External component that resides behind ear
- Receives sound from environment
- Transforms sound to electrical impulse
- Transmits impulse to speech processor
- Speech processor
- External component that may be attached to microphone or worn separately in clothing
- Custom programmed computer that emphasizes speech over other sounds
- Digitally encodes sounds from frequency range of human speech
- Encoding strategy depends on manufacturer
- Transmitter
- External component that resides behind ear, atop subcutaneous receiver
- Transcutaneously sends magnetic impulses from speech processor to receiver
- Held in place by magnet in subcutaneous receiver
- Receiver
- Thin, subcutaneous component that resides behind ear
- Surgically implanted
- Converts magnetic impulses from transmitter to electrical signal for stimulator wire
- Stimulator
- Wire placed inside cochlea directly stimulates spiral ganglion cells & cochlear axons
- Stimulator wire enters cochlea via round window
- Array of electrodes along wire appear as tiny bumps radiographically
- Microphone
- CI: Multicomponent electronic device that provides auditory information by directly stimulating auditory fibers in cochlea
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Burck I et al: Radiohistologic comparison study of temporal bone specimens after cochlear implant electrode array insertion: is cone-beam CT superior to MDCT? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(3):752-8, 2021
- Oh J et al: Cochlear duct length and cochlear distance on preoperative CT: imaging markers for estimating insertion depth angle of cochlear implant electrode. Eur Radiol. 31(3):1260-7, 2021
- Camerin GR et al: Cochlear-facial dehiscence detected after cochlear implant. Otol Neurotol. 41(2):e293-4, 2020
- Leinung M et al: Cochlear implant magnet dislocation after MRI: surgical management and outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(5):1297-304, 2020
- Plontke SK et al: How much cochlea do you need for cochlear implantation? Otol Neurotol. 41(5):694-703, 2020
- Stock A et al: Evaluation after cochlear implant surgery : correlation of clinical outcome and imaging findings using flat-detector CT. Clin Neuroradiol. 31(2):367-72, 2020
- Widmann G et al: Pre- and post-operative imaging of cochlear implants: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 11(1):93, 2020
- Yilmazer R et al: Anatomical landmarks for cochlear implantatıon in ossifıed cochleas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(12):3301-6, 2020
- Cooper T et al: Optimization of intraoperative imaging protocol to confirm placement of cochlear implant electrodes. Otol Neurotol. 40(5):625-9, 2019
- Yan T et al: Cochlear implantation in patients with ossified cochleas. Am J Otolaryngol. 40(2):183-6, 2019
- Yigit O et al: Which imaging modality in cochlear implant candidates? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 276(5):1307-11, 2019
- Vesseur A et al: Hearing restoration in cochlear nerve deficiency: the choice between cochlear implant or auditory brainstem implant, a meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 39(4):428-37, 2018
- Wei X et al: Predicting auditory outcomes from radiological imaging in cochlear implant patients with cochlear nerve deficiency. Otol Neurotol. 38(5):685-93, 2017
- Colby CC et al: Standardization of CT depiction of cochlear implant insertion depth. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):368-71, 2015
- Fischer N et al: Radiologic and functional evaluation of electrode dislocation from the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli in patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):372-7, 2015
- van der Jagt MA et al: Visualization of human inner ear anatomy with high-resolution MR imaging at 7T: initial clinical assessment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):378-83, 2015
- Pearl MS et al: High-resolution secondary reconstructions with the use of flat panel CT in the clinical assessment of patients with cochlear implants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(6):1202-8, 2014
- Vlastarakos PV et al: Cochlear implantation update: contemporary preoperative imaging and future prospects - the dual modality approach as a standard of care. Expert Rev Med Devices. 7(4):555-67, 2010
- Isaacson B et al: Labyrinthitis ossificans: how accurate is MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140(5):692-6, 2009
- Verbist BM et al: Multisection CT as a valuable tool in the postoperative assessment of cochlear implant patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):424-9, 2005
- Aschendorff A et al: Imaging procedures in cochlear implant patients--evaluation of different radiological techniques. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. (552):46-9, 2004
- Jain R et al: Cochlear implant failure: imaging evaluation of the electrode course. Clin Radiol. 58(4):288-93, 2003
- Witte RJ et al: Pediatric and adult cochlear implantation. Radiographics. 23(5):1185-200, 2003
- Lo WW: Imaging of cochlear and auditory brain stem implantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(6):1147-54, 1998
- Teissl C et al: Cochlear implants: in vitro investigation of electromagnetic interference at MR imaging--compatibility and safety aspects. Radiology. 208(3):700-8, 1998
- Johnson MH et al: CT of postmeningitic deafness: observations and predictive value for cochlear implants in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):103-9, 1995
- Shpizner BA et al: Postoperative imaging of the multichannel cochlear implant. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(7):1517-24, 1995
- Mukherji SK et al: CT of the temporal bone: findings after mastoidectomy, ossicular reconstruction, and cochlear implantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(6):1467-71, 1994
- Harnsberger HR et al: Cochlear implant candidates: assessment with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 164(1):53-7, 1987
- National Health Interview Survey, 2014 data. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm
