Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Flexor tendinopathy (preferred term), flexor tendinosis, medial epicondylitis, flexor tendinitis, golfer's elbow
- Medial epicondylitis remains very common term for clinical condition; should not be radiology descriptor
Definitions
- Acute or chronic injury to origin of common flexor tendon (CFT) at its attachment to medial humeral epicondyle
- Pronator teres also originates here and can be injured
- CFT often assumed to include pronator teres in common parlance
- Common flexor group includes pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Kheterpal AB et al: Overuse injuries of the elbow. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(5):931-42, 2019
- Kwapisz A et al: Platelet-rich plasma for elbow pathologies: a descriptive review of current literature. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 11(4):598-606, 2018
- Tarpada SP et al: Current advances in the treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis. J Orthop. 15(1):107-10, 2018
- do Nascimento AT et al: Arthroscopic surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 26(12):2232-5, 2017
- Kwon BC et al: The fascial elevation and tendon origin resection technique for the treatment of chronic recalcitrant medial epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med. 42(7):1731-7, 2014
- Dewan AK et al: MRI of the elbow: techniques and spectrum of disease: AAOS exhibit selection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(14):e99 1-13, 2013
- Konin GP et al: US of the elbow: indications, technique, normal anatomy, and pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 33(4):E125-47, 2013
- Wenzke DR: MR Imaging of the elbow in the injured athlete. Radiol Clin North Am. 51(2):195-213, 2013
- Peerbooms JC et al: Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 38(2):255-62, 2010
- Van Hofwegen C et al: Epicondylitis in the athlete's elbow. Clin Sports Med. 29(4):577-97, 2010
- Rajeev A et al: Lateral compartment cartilage changes and lateral elbow pain. Acta Orthop Belg. 75(1):37-40, 2009
- Rineer CA et al: Elbow tendinopathy and tendon ruptures: epicondylitis, biceps and triceps ruptures. J Hand Surg Am. 34(3):566-76, 2009
- Park GY et al: Diagnostic value of ultrasonography for clinical medial epicondylitis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89(4):738-42, 2008
- Richard MJ et al: Traumatic valgus instability of the elbow: pathoanatomy and results of direct repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90(11):2416-22, 2008
- Shahabpour M et al: The effectiveness of diagnostic imaging methods for the assessment of soft tissue and articular disorders of the shoulder and elbow. Eur J Radiol. 65(2):194-200, 2008
- Suresh SP et al: Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment? Br J Sports Med. 40(11):935-9; discussion 939, 2006
- Tuite MJ et al: Sports-related injuries of the elbow: an approach to MRI interpretation. Clin Sports Med. 25(3):387-408, v, 2006
- Banks KP et al: Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 34(4):127-42, 2005
- Kijowski R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with medial epicondylitis. Skeletal Radiol. 34(4):196-202, 2005
- Kijowski R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow. Part II: Abnormalities of the ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Skeletal Radiol. 34(1):1-18, 2005
- Ciccotti MC et al: Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Clin Sports Med. 23(4):693-705, xi, 2004
- Descatha A et al: Medial epicondylitis in occupational settings: prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors. J Occup Environ Med. 45(9):993-1001, 2003
- Martin CE et al: MR imaging of epicondylitis. Skeletal Radiol. 27(3):133-8, 1998
- Fritz RC et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system: Part 3. The elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (324):321-39, 1996
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Flexor tendinopathy (preferred term), flexor tendinosis, medial epicondylitis, flexor tendinitis, golfer's elbow
- Medial epicondylitis remains very common term for clinical condition; should not be radiology descriptor
Definitions
- Acute or chronic injury to origin of common flexor tendon (CFT) at its attachment to medial humeral epicondyle
- Pronator teres also originates here and can be injured
- CFT often assumed to include pronator teres in common parlance
- Common flexor group includes pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Kheterpal AB et al: Overuse injuries of the elbow. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(5):931-42, 2019
- Kwapisz A et al: Platelet-rich plasma for elbow pathologies: a descriptive review of current literature. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 11(4):598-606, 2018
- Tarpada SP et al: Current advances in the treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis. J Orthop. 15(1):107-10, 2018
- do Nascimento AT et al: Arthroscopic surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 26(12):2232-5, 2017
- Kwon BC et al: The fascial elevation and tendon origin resection technique for the treatment of chronic recalcitrant medial epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med. 42(7):1731-7, 2014
- Dewan AK et al: MRI of the elbow: techniques and spectrum of disease: AAOS exhibit selection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(14):e99 1-13, 2013
- Konin GP et al: US of the elbow: indications, technique, normal anatomy, and pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 33(4):E125-47, 2013
- Wenzke DR: MR Imaging of the elbow in the injured athlete. Radiol Clin North Am. 51(2):195-213, 2013
- Peerbooms JC et al: Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 38(2):255-62, 2010
- Van Hofwegen C et al: Epicondylitis in the athlete's elbow. Clin Sports Med. 29(4):577-97, 2010
- Rajeev A et al: Lateral compartment cartilage changes and lateral elbow pain. Acta Orthop Belg. 75(1):37-40, 2009
- Rineer CA et al: Elbow tendinopathy and tendon ruptures: epicondylitis, biceps and triceps ruptures. J Hand Surg Am. 34(3):566-76, 2009
- Park GY et al: Diagnostic value of ultrasonography for clinical medial epicondylitis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89(4):738-42, 2008
- Richard MJ et al: Traumatic valgus instability of the elbow: pathoanatomy and results of direct repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90(11):2416-22, 2008
- Shahabpour M et al: The effectiveness of diagnostic imaging methods for the assessment of soft tissue and articular disorders of the shoulder and elbow. Eur J Radiol. 65(2):194-200, 2008
- Suresh SP et al: Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment? Br J Sports Med. 40(11):935-9; discussion 939, 2006
- Tuite MJ et al: Sports-related injuries of the elbow: an approach to MRI interpretation. Clin Sports Med. 25(3):387-408, v, 2006
- Banks KP et al: Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 34(4):127-42, 2005
- Kijowski R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with medial epicondylitis. Skeletal Radiol. 34(4):196-202, 2005
- Kijowski R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow. Part II: Abnormalities of the ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Skeletal Radiol. 34(1):1-18, 2005
- Ciccotti MC et al: Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis of the elbow. Clin Sports Med. 23(4):693-705, xi, 2004
- Descatha A et al: Medial epicondylitis in occupational settings: prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors. J Occup Environ Med. 45(9):993-1001, 2003
- Martin CE et al: MR imaging of epicondylitis. Skeletal Radiol. 27(3):133-8, 1998
- Fritz RC et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system: Part 3. The elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (324):321-39, 1996
