Cardiac & venous compression resulting in ascites or full hydrops
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Peiro JL et al: A technical look at fetoscopic laser ablation for fetal laryngeal surgical recanalization in congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 30(6):695-700, 2020
Nolan HR et al: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): natural history, prenatal management strategies, and outcomes at a single comprehensive fetal center. J Pediatr Surg. 54(6):1153-8, 2019
Nicolas CT et al: Fetoscopy-assisted percutaneous decompression of the distal trachea and lungs reverses hydrops fetalis and fetal distress in a fetus with laryngeal atresia. Fetal Diagn Ther. 46(1):75-80, 2019
Prickett K et al: Fetal evaluation and airway management. Clin Perinatol. 45(4):609-28, 2018
Gowda M et al: Locating the level and extent of congenital high airway obstruction: fluid in the airway tract as reference points. J Ultrasound Med. 36(10):2179-85, 2017
Ryan G et al: Airway compromise in the fetus and neonate: prenatal assessment and perinatal management. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 21(4):230-9, 2016
Arthurs OJ et al: Postmortem magnetic resonance appearances of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 45(4):556-61, 2015
Zamora IJ et al: Mainstem bronchial atresia: a lethal anomaly amenable to fetal surgical treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 49(5):706-11, 2014
Artunc Ulkumen B et al: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: report of two cases and brief review of the literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013:728974, 2013
MartÃnez JM et al: Evaluation of fetal vocal cords to select candidates for successful fetoscopic treatment of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: preliminary case series. Fetal Diagn Ther. 34(2):77-84, 2013
Furukawa R et al: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome without tracheoesophageal fistula and with in utero decrease in relative lung size. Pediatr Radiol. 42(12):1510-3, 2012
Saadai P et al: Long-term outcomes after fetal therapy for congenital high airway obstructive syndrome. J Pediatr Surg. 47(6):1095-100, 2012
Sanford E et al: Congenital high airway obstruction sequence (CHAOS): a new case and a review of phenotypic features. Am J Med Genet A. 158A(12):3126-36, 2012
Courtier J et al: Fetal tracheolaryngeal airway obstruction: prenatal evaluation by sonography and MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 40(11):1800-5, 2010
Guimaraes CV et al: Prenatal MRI findings of fetuses with congenital high airway obstruction sequence. Korean J Radiol. 10(2):129-34, 2009
Mong A et al: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: MR/US findings, effect on management, and outcome. Pediatr Radiol. 38(11):1171-9, 2008
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS)
Definitions
Rare, highly morbid congenital anomaly of airway with complete, intrinsic laryngeal &/or tracheal obstruction, leading to
Cardiac & venous compression resulting in ascites or full hydrops
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Peiro JL et al: A technical look at fetoscopic laser ablation for fetal laryngeal surgical recanalization in congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 30(6):695-700, 2020
Nolan HR et al: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): natural history, prenatal management strategies, and outcomes at a single comprehensive fetal center. J Pediatr Surg. 54(6):1153-8, 2019
Nicolas CT et al: Fetoscopy-assisted percutaneous decompression of the distal trachea and lungs reverses hydrops fetalis and fetal distress in a fetus with laryngeal atresia. Fetal Diagn Ther. 46(1):75-80, 2019
Prickett K et al: Fetal evaluation and airway management. Clin Perinatol. 45(4):609-28, 2018
Gowda M et al: Locating the level and extent of congenital high airway obstruction: fluid in the airway tract as reference points. J Ultrasound Med. 36(10):2179-85, 2017
Ryan G et al: Airway compromise in the fetus and neonate: prenatal assessment and perinatal management. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 21(4):230-9, 2016
Arthurs OJ et al: Postmortem magnetic resonance appearances of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 45(4):556-61, 2015
Zamora IJ et al: Mainstem bronchial atresia: a lethal anomaly amenable to fetal surgical treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 49(5):706-11, 2014
Artunc Ulkumen B et al: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: report of two cases and brief review of the literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013:728974, 2013
MartÃnez JM et al: Evaluation of fetal vocal cords to select candidates for successful fetoscopic treatment of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: preliminary case series. Fetal Diagn Ther. 34(2):77-84, 2013
Furukawa R et al: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome without tracheoesophageal fistula and with in utero decrease in relative lung size. Pediatr Radiol. 42(12):1510-3, 2012
Saadai P et al: Long-term outcomes after fetal therapy for congenital high airway obstructive syndrome. J Pediatr Surg. 47(6):1095-100, 2012
Sanford E et al: Congenital high airway obstruction sequence (CHAOS): a new case and a review of phenotypic features. Am J Med Genet A. 158A(12):3126-36, 2012
Courtier J et al: Fetal tracheolaryngeal airway obstruction: prenatal evaluation by sonography and MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 40(11):1800-5, 2010
Guimaraes CV et al: Prenatal MRI findings of fetuses with congenital high airway obstruction sequence. Korean J Radiol. 10(2):129-34, 2009
Mong A et al: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: MR/US findings, effect on management, and outcome. Pediatr Radiol. 38(11):1171-9, 2008
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